Anchoring and Availability Biases

Groups the phenomena of the psychology atlas whose central finding concerns how a first-encountered number, a salient recent event or the sheer ease of recalling an example distorts a later judgment, following Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman's 1974 heuristics and biases program (the anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic and the availability heuristic). Belongs here: the Anchoring Bias and the Anchoring Effect, which describe insufficient adjustment away from an initial value; the Availability Heuristic and the Availability Cascade, which describe judging likelihood by how easily an example comes to mind; the Recency Bias, the Recency Illusion, the Salience Bias, the Frequency Illusion, the Fluency Heuristic, the Illusory Truth Effect, the Mere Exposure Effect, Attentional Bias, Attribute Substitution and the Contrast Effect, each a documented distortion driven by what is recently encountered, salient or easy to bring to mind rather than by a formal probability calculation. A phenomenon whose distortion concerns a miscalculation of probability or sample size is filed under probability and statistical reasoning biases instead; every other decision or judgment bias not yet split into either new subcategory stays under decision-making and judgment biases.