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Branches of Psychology

Health Psychology

Also Known As Medical Psychology
Health and Mental Health Treatment and Prevention

Health psychology is the branch of psychology that studies how psychological, behavioral and social factors influence physical health, illness and healthcare, using a biopsychosocial model that treats health as the joint product of biological, psychological and social processes rather than biology alone.

Facts
Disputed
Key Debate
Whether mainstream health psychology's focus on individual-level psychological and behavioral factors adequately explains health outcomes, or whether it understates the social determinants of health. Critical health psychologists, working with qualitative methods that center the lived health experience, have critiqued and deconstructed what they see as an excessive individualism in the field's dominant biopsychosocial approach. 1
A named minority tradition within the field (critical health psychology) disputes the individual-level emphasis of the mainstream approach; the source does not resolve which framing better predicts outcomes.
Central Question
How do psychological, behavioral and social factors influence physical health, illness and the healthcare system? 1
Level of Analysis
Individual 2
Connections

Associated With

Closely overlapping subfields, both studying the psychological factors in physical health and illness.

Occupational health psychology applies health psychology's framework specifically to workplace settings.

Includes

Source Wikipedia: Bedtime procrastination
Source Caregiver burden (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: General Adaptation Syndrome
Source Health belief model, Wikipedia
Source Joseph Matarazzo (Wikipedia)
Source Judith Rodin (Wikipedia)
Source Nocebo, Wikipedia
Source Pain catastrophizing (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Whitehall Study
Source Wikipedia: Touch starvation
Source White coat hypertension (Wikipedia)

Related Branch

Source Health psychology (Wikipedia)

Related Branches

Source Behavioral medicine (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Clinical psychology
Source Wikipedia: Critical psychology
Source Personality psychology (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Psycho-oncology
Sources
1. Wikipedia: Health Psychology
Wikimedia Foundation
  • Lead section
    The study of psychological and behavioral processes in health, illness, and healthcare.
  • United Kingdom section
    Psychologists have been working in medical settings for many years (in the UK sometimes the field was termed medical psychology).
  • Critical analysis of health policy section
    The individualism of mainstream health psychology has been critiqued and deconstructed by critical health psychologists using qualitative methods that zero in on the health experience.
2. Health psychology (Wikipedia)
  • Lead
    how psychological, behavioral, and cultural factors contribute to physical health and illness
  • Related Branch: Occupational Health Psychology, Article text
    Although its early beginnings can be traced to the field of clinical psychology, four different divisions within health psychology and one related field, occupational health psychology (OHP), have developed over time.
View the Source
Wikipedia: General Adaptation Syndrome
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Hans Selye, Origin of stress term section
Quote, Includes: Hans Selye, Origin of stress term section
The current usage of the word stress arose out of Hans Selye's 1930s experiments.
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Wikipedia: Whitehall Study
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: The Whitehall Studies, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: The Whitehall Studies, Lead sentence
The Whitehall Studies investigated social determinants of health, specifically the cardiovascular disease prevalence and mortality rates among British civil servants.
View the Source
Nocebo, Wikipedia
Includes: Nocebo Effect, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Nocebo Effect, Lead sentence
A nocebo effect is said to occur when a patient's expectations for a treatment cause the treatment to have a worse effect than it otherwise would have.
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Caregiver burden (Wikipedia)
Includes: Caregiver Burden, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Caregiver Burden, Lead sentence
Caregiver burden, also called caregiver burnout, refers to the sum of physical, emotional, social, and financial difficulties experienced by unpaid caregivers due to providing care for a family member or a friend.
View the Source
Pain catastrophizing (Wikipedia)
Includes: Pain Catastrophizing, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Pain Catastrophizing, Lead sentence
Pain catastrophizing is the tendency to describe a pain experience in more exaggerated terms than the average person, to ruminate on it more (e.g., "I kept thinking 'this is terrible'"), and/or to feel more helpless about the experience ("I thought it was never going to get better").
View the Source
White coat hypertension (Wikipedia)
Includes: White Coat Hypertension, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: White Coat Hypertension, Lead sentence
White coat hypertension (WHT), also known as white coat syndrome, is a form of labile hypertension in which people exhibit a blood pressure level above the normal range in a clinical setting, although they do not exhibit it in other settings.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Bedtime procrastination
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Bedtime Procrastination, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Bedtime Procrastination, Lead sentence
Bedtime procrastination is a psychological phenomenon that involves voluntarily delaying going to bed despite the risk of foreseeable consequences the following day, such as fatigue.
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Wikipedia: Clinical psychology
WikipediaRelated Branches: Clinical Psychology, Article text
Quote, Related Branches: Clinical Psychology, Article text
One important field is health psychology, the fastest-growing employment setting for clinical psychologists in the past decade.
View the Source
Personality psychology (Wikipedia)
Related Branches: Personality Psychology, Article text
Quote, Related Branches: Personality Psychology, Article text
Health psychology, which studies how individuals engage with and self-conceptualize their health, has been influenced by the Type A and Type B personality theories, which reveal how personality traits can impact cardiovascular health.
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Behavioral medicine (Wikipedia)
Related Branches: Behavioral Medicine, Article text
Quote, Related Branches: Behavioral Medicine, Article text
The practice of behavioral medicine encompasses health psychology, but also includes applied psychophysiological therapies such as biofeedback, hypnosis, and bio-behavioral therapy of physical disorders, aspects of occupational therapy, rehabilitation medicine, and physiatry, as well as preventive medicine.
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Wikipedia: Critical psychology
Wikimedia FoundationRelated Branches: Critical Psychology, Article text
Quote, Related Branches: Critical Psychology, Article text
Central themes of critical psychology is the concept of “oppression” and “emancipation”. Critical psychology reflects not only on the connection of mainstream psychology with power, but also work toward emancipation (or liberation).
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Wikipedia: Psycho-oncology
Wikimedia FoundationRelated Branches: Psycho-Oncology, Article text
Quote, Related Branches: Psycho-Oncology, Article text
Research in the broader field of Health Psychology has revealed significant influences of social support on the psychological well-being of individuals as well as associations with disease processes, particularly in cardiovascular disease.
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Health belief model, Wikipedia
Includes: Health Belief Model, Lead section
Quote, Includes: Health Belief Model, Lead section
In social psychology, the health belief model (HBM) is a psychological framework used to explain and predict individuals' potentially detrimental behaviors, attitudes and beliefs on their health.
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Wikipedia: Touch starvation
Includes: Touch Starvation, Lead section
Quote, Includes: Touch Starvation, Lead section
Touch starvation, also known as touch deprivation or skin hunger, is the physiological need by humans and other species for physical contact with their own species or other living beings.
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Joseph Matarazzo (Wikipedia)
Includes: Joseph Matarazzo, Lead
Quote, Includes: Joseph Matarazzo, Lead
He chaired the first medical psychology department in the United States and has been credited with much of the early work in health psychology.
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Judith Rodin (Wikipedia)
Includes: Judith Rodin, Lead
Quote, Includes: Judith Rodin, Lead
She is known for her significant contributions to the fields of behavioral medicine and health psychology, higher education, and philanthropy, as well as championing the concepts of impact investing and resilience.
View the Source
Dissenting Readings (1 dissenting reading)
Key Debate

Marks (2011) argues mainstream health psychology's biopsychosocial model still centers the individual as the unit of explanation and intervention, and that this individualism understates the social and economic determinants of health, the conditions within and between regions and nations that shape illness independent of any one person's behavior or psychology. Critical health psychology, working with qualitative methods that foreground the lived health experience, positions itself as a corrective to that individualist framing rather than a rejection of the biopsychosocial model outright.

A dissenting reading, from D.F. MarksWikipedia: Health Psychology, Wikimedia Foundation
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