Abnormal Psychology

The diathesis-stress model, also known as the vulnerability-stress model, is a psychological theory that attempts to explain a disorder, or its trajectory, as the result of an interaction between a predispositional vulnerability, the diathesis, and stress caused by life experiences.

Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD) is a non-psychotic disorder in which a person experiences lasting or persistent visual hallucinations or perceptual distortions after using drugs such as psychedelics, dissociatives, deliriants, entactogens, and cannabinoids.

The Martha Mitchell effect occurs when a medical professional labels a patient's accurate perception of real events as delusional, resulting in misdiagnosis.

Somatization is the generation of somatic symptoms due to psychological distress, often coinciding with a tendency to seek medical help for them.

Mass psychogenic illness (MPI), also called mass sociogenic illness, mass psychogenic disorder, epidemic hysteria or mass hysteria, involves the spread of illness symptoms through a population where there is no infectious agent responsible for contagion.

Exploding head syndrome (EHS) is classified as a sleep disorder or headache disorder.

Derealization is a dissociative phenomenon characterized by an alteration in the perception of the external world, causing those with the condition to perceive it as unreal, distant, distorted, or in other ways falsified.

Cyberchondria, otherwise known as compucondria, is the unfounded escalation of concerns about common symptomology based on review of search results and literature online.

Diagnostic overshadowing is the attribution of a person's symptoms to a psychiatric problem when such symptoms actually suggest a comorbid condition.

Capgras delusion or Capgras syndrome (CS) is a psychiatric disorder in which a person holds a delusion that a friend, spouse, parent, other close family member, or pet has been replaced by an identical impostor.

Cotard's syndrome, also known as Cotard's delusion or walking corpse syndrome, is a rare mental disorder in which the affected person holds the delusional belief that they are deceased, do not exist, are putrefying, or have lost their blood or internal organs.

Folie à deux (French for 'madness of two'), also called shared psychosis or shared delusional disorder (SDD), is a rare psychiatric syndrome in which symptoms of a delusional belief are "transmitted" from one individual to another.

Fregoli delusion or Fregoli syndrome (FS) is a rare mental disorder in which a person holds a delusional belief that different people are in fact a single person who changes appearance or is in disguise.

Visual release hallucinations, also known as Charles Bonnet syndrome (CBS), are a type of psychophysical visual disturbance in which a person with partial or severe blindness experiences visual hallucinations.

Diogenes syndrome, also known as senile squalor syndrome, is a disorder characterized by extreme self-neglect, domestic squalor, social withdrawal, apathy and compulsive hoarding of garbage or animals.

A confusional arousal, also known as sleep drunkenness or severe sleep inertia, is medical condition where a person awakened from sleep shows mental confusion for at least several minutes.

Somniloquy, commonly referred to as sleep-talking, is a parasomnia in which one speaks aloud while asleep.

Night terror, also called sleep terror, is a sleep disorder causing feelings of panic or dread and typically occurring during the first hours of stage 3-4 non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and lasting for 1 to 10 minutes.

Glass delusion is an external manifestation of a psychiatric disorder recorded in Europe mainly in the late Middle Ages and early modern period (15th to 17th centuries).

Muscle dysmorphia is a subtype of the obsessive mental disorder body dysmorphic disorder, but is often also grouped with eating disorders.

Retired husband syndrome (主人在宅ストレス症候群, shujin zaitaku sutoresu shōkōgun; literally "one's husband being at home stress syndrome") (RHS) is a psychosomatic stress-related illness recognized in Japanese culture which has been estimated to occur in 60% of the older female population.

Tanning dependence or tanorexia (a portmanteau of tanning and anorexia) is a syndrome where an individual appears to have a physical or psychological dependence on sunbathing or the use of ultraviolet (UV) tanning beds to darken the complexion of the skin.

Celebrity worship syndrome (CWS) is an obsessive addictive disorder in which a person becomes overly involved with the details of a celebrity's personal and professional life.

Internet addiction disorder (IAD), also called problematic Internet use (PIU), is characterized by excessive or poorly controlled preoccupations, urges, or behaviors regarding computer use and Internet access that lead to impairment or distress.

Video game addiction (VGA), also known as gaming disorder or internet gaming disorder, is generally defined as a behavioural addiction involving problematic, compulsive use of video games that results in significant impairment to an individual's ability to function in various life domains over a prolonged period of time.

Problematic social media use, or social media addiction as it is often referred to, is when an individual engages with social media platforms in a manner that is deemed unhealthy, maladaptive, and/or obsessive.

Shopping addiction is characterized by an eagerness to purchase unnecessary or superfluous things and a lack of impulse control when it comes to shopping.

A factitious disorder is a mental disorder in which a person, without a malingering motive, acts as if they have an illness by deliberately producing, feigning, or exaggerating symptoms, purely to attain (for themselves or for another) a patient's role.

Dancing mania (also known as dancing plague, choreomania, St.

The dancing plague of 1518, or dance epidemic of 1518 (French: Épidémie dansante de 1518; German: Straßburger Tanzwut), was a case of dancing mania that occurred in Strasbourg, Alsace (modern-day France), in the Holy Roman Empire from July 1518 to September 1518.

Havana syndrome, also known as anomalous health incidents (AHIs), is a disputed medical condition.

The Tanganyika laughter epidemic of 1962 was an outbreak of mass hysteria in or near the village of Kashasha on the western coast of Lake Victoria in Tanganyika (now part of Tanzania), near the border with Uganda.

Popobawa, also Popo Bawa, is the name of an evil spirit or shetani, which is believed by residents of Zanzibar to have first appeared on the Tanzanian island of Pemba.

The Halifax Slasher was the supposed attacker in an incident of mass hysteria that occurred in the town of Halifax, England, in November 1938 following a series of reported attacks on local people, mostly women.

The Mad Gasser of Mattoon (also known as the Phantom Anesthetist, or simply the Mad Gasser) was the name given to an event of alleged mass hysteria in which a person or people allegedly committed a series of apparent gas attacks in Mattoon, Illinois, during the mid-1940s.

The Seattle windshield pitting epidemic is a phenomenon which affected Bellingham, Seattle, and other communities of Washington state in April 1954; it is considered an example of mass panic.

Balloon phobia or globophobia is a fear of balloons.

Blood phobia (also known as hemophobia or hematophobia in American English and haemophobia or haematophobia in British English) is an extreme fear of blood, a type of specific phobia.

The fear of dolls, also known as pediophobia or glenophobia, is a specific phobia of human-like toys for children, mannequins, and ventriloquist's dummies; it may also transfer to other human-like models, such as wax figures.

Fear of intimacy is generally a social phobia and anxiety disorder resulting in difficulty forming close relationships with another person.

Telephone phobia (telephonophobia, telephobia, phone phobia) is reluctance or fear of making or taking phone calls, literally, "fear of telephones". It is considered to be a type of social phobia or social anxiety.

Driving phobia, driving anxiety, vehophobia, amaxophobia or driving-related fear (DRF) is a pathological fear of driving.

The fear of falling (FOF), also referred to as basophobia (or basiphobia), is a natural fear and is typical of most humans and mammals, in varying degrees of extremity.

Fear of roller coasters, also known as veloxrotaphobia, is the extreme fear of roller coasters.

Fear of the dark is a common fear or phobia among toddlers, children and, to a varying degree, adults.

A common childhood phobia is the fear of a monster under the bed or similarly a monster in the closet or monster in the wardrobe.

Technophobia (from Greek τέχνη technē, "art, skill, craft" and φόβος phobos, "fear"), also known as technofear, is the fear or dislike of, or discomfort with, advanced technology or complex devices, especially personal computers, smartphones, and tablet computers.

Fear of mice and rats is one of the most common specific phobias.

Misophonia (or selective sound sensitivity syndrome) is a disorder of decreased tolerance to specific sounds or their associated stimuli, or cues.

Voodoo death, also known as psychogenic death or psychosomatic death, is the phenomenon of sudden death as brought about by strong emotional shock such as fear.

Fear of needles, known in medical literature as needle phobia, is the extreme fear of medical procedures involving injections or hypodermic needles.

Death anxiety is anxiety caused by thoughts of one's own death, and is also known as thanatophobia (fear of death).

Cancer phobia, also known as carcinophobia, is a common phobia and an anxiety disorder characterized by the chronic fear of developing cancer.

Medication phobia, also known as pharmacophobia, is a fear of the use of pharmacological treatments and a negative view of drugs in general.

Oikophobia (Ancient Greek: οἶκος, romanized: oîkos, lit. 'house, household' + φόβος, phóbos, 'fear'; related to domatophobia and ecophobia) is a tendency to criticise or reject one's own home or home society while praising others.

Social anxiety disorder (SAD), previously known as social phobia, is an anxiety disorder characterized by high levels of anxiety and self-consciousness in social situations, resulting in significant distress and an impaired ability to function in daily life.

Fear of commitment, also known as gamophobia, is the irrational fear or avoidance of long-term partnership or marriage.

Kinesiophobia is the fear of movement.

Alcohol myopia is a cognitive-physiological theory on alcohol use disorder in which many of alcohol's social and stress-reducing effects, which may underlie its addictive capacity, are explained as a consequence of alcohol's narrowing of perceptual and cognitive functioning.

Thought insertion is defined by the ICD-10 as the delusion that one's thoughts are not one's own, but rather belong to someone else and have been inserted into one's mind.

Thought broadcasting is a type of delusional condition in which the affected person believes that others can hear their inner thoughts, despite a clear lack of evidence.

A hallucination is a perception in the absence of an external context stimulus that has the compelling sense of reality.

Persecutory delusion, also known as delusion of persecution, is a type of delusional condition in which the affected person believes that harm is going to occur to oneself by a persecutor, despite a clear lack of evidence.

False pregnancy (or pseudocyesis, from Ancient Greek pseudes 'false' and kyesis 'pregnancy"') is the appearance of clinical or subclinical signs and symptoms associated with pregnancy although the individual is not physically carrying a fetus.

Orthorexia nervosa (ON; also known as orthorexia) is a proposed eating disorder characterized by an excessive preoccupation with eating healthy food.

Anorexia athletica (sports anorexia), also referred to as hyper-gymnasia, is an eating disorder characterized by excessive and compulsive exercise.

Behavioral addiction, process addiction, or non-substance-related disorder is a form of addiction that involves a compulsion to engage in a rewarding non-substance-related behavior, sometimes called a natural reward, despite any negative consequences to the person's physical, mental, social or financial well-being.

Compulsive buying disorder (CBD) is characterized by an obsession with shopping and buying behavior that causes adverse consequences.

Computer addiction is a form of behavioral addiction that can be described as the excessive or compulsive use of the computer, which persists despite serious negative consequences for personal, social, or occupational function.

A food addiction or eating addiction is any behavioral addiction characterized primarily by the compulsive consumption of palatable and hyperpalatable food items, and potentially also sweetened beverages.

Internet sex addiction, also known as cybersex addiction, has been proposed as a sexual addiction characterized by virtual Internet sexual activity that causes serious negative consequences to one's physical, mental, social, and/or financial well-being.

Pornography addiction is the scientifically controversial application of an addiction model to the use of pornography.

Problem gambling (PG), also known as pathological gambling, gambling disorder, gambling addiction, irresponsible gambling, or ludomania, is repetitive gambling behavior despite harm and negative consequences.

Sexual addiction is a state characterized by compulsive participation or engagement in sexual activity, particularly sexual intercourse, despite negative consequences.

Television addiction is a proposed behavioral addiction which is typically associated with heavy consumption of television programming, which has the ability to continue to persist.

Dermatitis artefacta, also known as Factitious dermatitis, is a form of factitious disorder in which patients will intentionally feign symptoms and produce signs of disease in an attempt to assume the patient role.

Disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED), also known as disinhibited attachment disorder, is an attachment disorder in which a child displays little to no fear of unfamiliar adults, and may actively approach them.

Exercise addiction is a state characterized by a compulsive engagement in any form of physical exercise, despite negative consequences.

An intrusive thought is an unwelcome, involuntary thought, image, or unpleasant idea that may become an obsession, is upsetting or distressing, and can feel difficult to manage or eliminate.

The fear of trains is anxiety and fear associated with trains, railways, and railway travel.

The fear of ghosts in many human cultures is based on beliefs that some ghosts may be malevolent towards people and dangerous (within the range of all possible attitudes, including mischievous, benign, indifferent, etc.).

An out-of-body experience (OBE or sometimes OOBE) is a phenomenon in which a person perceives the world as if from a location outside their physical body.

Sleep paralysis is a state, during waking up or falling asleep, in which a person is conscious but in a complete state of paralysis.

Confabulation is a memory error consisting of the production of fabricated, distorted, or misinterpreted memories about oneself or the world.

Splitting, also called binary thinking, dichotomous thinking, black-and-white thinking, all-or-nothing thinking, or thinking in extremes, is the failure in a person's thinking to bring together the dichotomy of both perceived positive and negative qualities of something into a cohesive, realistic whole.

Dissociation is a concept which concerns a wide array of experiences, ranging from a mild emotional detachment from the immediate surroundings, to a more severe disconnection from physical and emotional experiences.

Passive-aggressive behavior is a communication that in the mind of the speaker is based on a strong negative emotion such as anger but is expressed using words that do not convey the emotion, including completely avoiding direct communication when it is socially customary.

Anhedonia is a diverse array of deficits in hedonic function, including reduced motivation or ability to experience pleasure.

Hypervigilance is a condition of the nervous system where sensory information is inaccurately and rapidly filtered, in an enhanced state of sensory sensitivity.

In psychiatry, depersonalization is a dissociative phenomenon characterized by a subjective feeling of detachment from oneself, manifesting as a sense of disconnection from one's thoughts, emotions, sensations, or actions, and often accompanied by a feeling of observing oneself from an external perspective.

Emotional dysregulation is characterized by an inability to flexibly respond to and manage emotional states, resulting in intense and prolonged emotional reactions that deviate from social norms, given the nature of the environmental stimuli encountered.

A flashback, or involuntary recurrent memory, is a psychological phenomenon in which an individual has a sudden, usually powerful, re-experiencing of a past experience, or elements of a past experience.

Boredom boreout syndrome is a psychological disorder that causes physical illness, mainly caused by mental underload at the workplace due to lack of either adequate quantitative or qualitative workload.

Memory distrust syndrome is a condition first described by Gísli Guðjónsson and James MacKeith in 1982, in which an individual doubts the accuracy of their memory concerning the content and context of events of which they have experienced.

Medical students' disease (also known as second year syndrome or intern's syndrome) is a condition frequently reported in medical students, who perceive themselves to be experiencing the symptoms of a disease that they are studying.

Couvade syndrome, also called sympathetic pregnancy, is a proposed condition in which an expectant parent who is not pregnant experiences some of the same symptoms and behavior as their pregnant partner.

Sundowning, or sundown syndrome, prevalent among people with some form of dementia, is characterized by increased confusion and restlessness beginning in the late afternoon and early evening.

Autoscopy is the experience in which one perceives one's surrounding environment from a different perspective, from a position outside of one's own body.

Nomophobia (short for "no mobile phobia") is the fear of not having a working mobile phone.

Alice in Wonderland Syndrome (AIWS), also known as Todd's syndrome or dysmetropsia, is a neurological disorder that distorts perception.

Ganser syndrome is a rare dissociative disorder characterized by nonsensical or wrong answers to questions and other dissociative symptoms such as fugue, amnesia or conversion disorder, often with visual pseudohallucinations and a decreased state of consciousness.

Factitious disorder imposed on self (FDIS), commonly called Munchausen syndrome, is a complex mental disorder in which an individual imitates symptoms of illness in order to elicit attention, sympathy, or physical care.

Reduplicative paramnesia is the delusional belief that a place or location has been duplicated, existing in two or more places simultaneously, or that it has been relocated to another site.

Stendhal syndrome, Stendhal's syndrome or Florence syndrome is a psychosomatic condition involving rapid heartbeat, confusion, hallucinations, and even fainting, allegedly occurring when individuals become exposed to objects, artworks, or phenomena of great beauty.

Paris syndrome (in Japanese: パリ症候群, Pari shōkōgun) is a sense of extreme disappointment exhibited by many individuals when visiting Paris, who feel that the city does not live up to their expectations.

Jerusalem syndrome is a group of mental phenomena involving the presence of religiously themed ideas or experiences that are triggered by a visit to the city of Jerusalem.

Waxy flexibility is one of the twelve symptoms that can lead to the diagnosis of catatonia.

Avolition or amotivation, as a symptom of various forms of psychopathology, is the decrease in the ability to initiate and persist in self-directed purposeful activities.

Amotivational syndrome is a chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by cognitive and emotional states such as detachment, blunted emotions and drives, deficits in executive functions like working memory and attention, disinterest, passivity, apathy, and a general lack of motivation.

Hikikomori (Japanese: 引きこもり or ひきこもり [çi̥kʲikomoɾʲi], lit.

Ataque de nervios (Spanish pronunciation: [aˈtake ðe ˈneɾβjos]) (F45.8, R45.0), also known as nervous tension mal de pelea (disease of fighting), "hyperkinetic seizure," and "The Puerto Rican Syndrome" is a psychological syndrome mostly associated in the United States with Spanish-speaking people from the Caribbean, although it is also commonly identified across Iberian-descended cultures.

Latah (from Malay word) is a condition in which abnormal behaviors result from a person experiencing a sudden shock or other external stressor almost exclusively having been observed in persons from Malaysia, Indonesia, and other Southeast Asian countries.

Susto (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈsusto], Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈsuʃtu]) is a cultural illness primarily among Latin American cultures.

This culture-bound syndrome is a social phobia based on fear and anxiety.

Hwabyeong or Hwapyŏng (Korean: 화병; Hanja: 火病) is a Korean somatization disorder, a mental illness that arises when people are unable to confront their anger as a result of conditions that they perceive to be unfair.

Dhat syndrome (Sanskrit: धातु दोष, IAST: Dhātu doṣa) is a condition found in the cultures of South Asia (including Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka) in which male patients report that they suffer from premature ejaculation or impotence, and believe that they are passing semen in their urine.

Amok syndrome is an aggressive dissociative behavioral pattern derived from the Malay world which led to the English phrase running amok.

Piblokto, also known as pibloktoq and Arctic hysteria, is a condition most commonly appearing in Inughuit (Northwest Greenlandic Inuit) societies living within the Arctic Circle.

Grisi siknis (in Miskito language, from English, means "crazy sickness") is a contagious, culture-bound syndrome that occurs predominantly among the Miskito people of eastern Central America, and affects mainly young women.

Amafufunyana is an unspecified culture-bound syndrome named by the traditional healers of the Xhosa people that relates to claims of demonic possession due to members of the Xhosa people exhibiting aberrant behavior and psychological concerns.

Locura, which translates to "insanity" in Spanish, is a mental disorder characterized as severe chronic psychosis.

Brain fag syndrome (BFS) is a term that was used to describe a set of symptoms including difficulty in concentrating and retaining information, head and or neck pains, and eye pain.

Ghost sickness is a culture-bound syndrome among some indigenous peoples in North America and Polynesian peoples in which people are preoccupied with the deceased or consumed by pathological grief.

Falling-out is a culture-bound syndrome reported in Latin America and the Caribbean and usually brought on by stress.

Zouhuorumo (Chinese: 走火入魔; pinyin: zǒuhuǒrùmó) is a syndrome of psychological and somatic symptoms related to the practice of qigong and other self-cultivation methods.

Neurasthenia (from Ancient Greek νεῦρον (neuron) 'nerve' and ἀσθενής (asthenés) 'weak') is a term that was first used as early as 1829 for a mechanical weakness of the nerves.

Sangue dormido was first clinically described in a 1981 case study in which a 48-year old Crioulo-speaking woman presented with paralysis, numbness, pain, and tremor of her right arm.

Shenkui or shen-k'uei is one of several Chinese culture-bound syndromes locally ascribed to getting stuck in yang and the needing of yin to rebalance yang (Chinese: 陽).

Frigophobia is a phobia pertaining to the pathological concern of hypothermia.

Kufungisisa is a culture-bound syndrome prevalent in Zimbabwe similar to anxiety disorders and depression.

Kayak angst (Danish: kajaksvimmelhed "kayak dizziness" or kajakangst; Greenlandic: nangiarneq) or nangierneq (Inuit languages) is a condition likened to a panic attack which has historically been associated with the Greenlandic Inuit.

The Jumping Frenchmen of Maine were a group of 19th-century lumberjacks who exhibited a rare disorder of unknown origin.

Clinical lycanthropy is a rare psychiatric syndrome that involves a delusion that the affected person can transform into, has transformed into, or is a non-human animal.

Karoshi (Japanese: 過労死, Hepburn: Karōshi), which can be translated into 'overwork death', is a Japanese term relating to occupation-related sudden death.

It is often referred to simply as pro-ana or ana.

The little emperors (or little emperor effect) is an aspect or view of the People's Republic of China's one-child policy.

Resignation syndrome (also called traumatic withdrawal syndrome or traumatic refusal or abandonment syndrome; Swedish: uppgivenhetssyndrom) is a condition that induces a state of reduced consciousness that is not recognized by the World Health Organization as a valid psychiatric condition.

Scrupulosity, also known as religious obsessive-compulsive disorder or scrupulous-compulsive disorder (SCD), is a mental disorder defined by intrusive thoughts about moral or religious ideas, pathological feelings of guilt, and compulsions which attempt to mitigate such thoughts.

Tarantism ( TERR-ən-tiz-əm) is a form of hysteric behaviour originating in Southern Italy, popularly believed to result from the bite of the wolf spider Lycosa tarantula (distinct from the broad class of spiders also called tarantulas).

Puppy pregnancy syndrome (PPS) is a psychosomatic illness in humans brought on by mass hysteria.

It can, together with other culture-bound syndromes: notably amok (Indonesian), gila mengamok (Malay), cafard (Polynesian) or mal de pelea (Puerto-Rican), be grouped in the taxon SMAS syndrome (Sudden Mass Assault Syndrome).

It is identified under culture-bound syndromes originating in Native America, which also include pibloktoq or Arctic hysteria and wacinko (Oglala Sioux).

Anorexia mirabilis, also known as holy anorexia or inedia prodigiosa or colloquially as fasting girls, is an eating disorder, similar to that of anorexia nervosa, that was common in, but not restricted to, the Middle Ages in Europe, largely affecting Catholic nuns and religious women.

Exhaustion disorder or stress-induced exhaustion disorder (ED, Swedish: utmattningssyndrom) is a diagnosis used in Swedish healthcare to indicate a maladaptive stress disorder more severe than adjustment disorder.

Pasma (from Spanish pasmar) refers to a folk illness in Filipino culture that is said to be brought about by too much exposure to coldness and water.

Wikipedia article 'Princess sickness' is filed under Category:Culture-bound syndromes.

Psychedelic syndrome, also known as chronic LSD syndrome or "acid head" syndrome, is a partially culture-bound psychological syndrome that was proposed to involve pronounced psychosocial and personality changes due to chronic or prolonged use of psychedelic drugs, namely LSD.

The neologism wannarexia is a portmanteau of the latter two terms.

The wild man syndrome, also known as wild pig syndrome, is a culture-bound syndrome that affects the mental health of New Guinean males in which they become hyperactive, clumsy, kleptomaniacal, and "conveniently amnesic."

In medicine and medical anthropology, a culture-bound syndrome, culture-specific syndrome, or folk illness is a combination of psychiatric and somatic symptoms that are considered to be a recognizable disease only within a specific society or culture.

Sinbyeong or shinbyong or shinbyeong, also called "self-loss", is the possession from a god that a chosen mu (shaman) goes through in the Korean shamanic tradition.

Ukuthwasa is a Southern African culture-bound syndrome associated with the calling and the initiation process to become a sangoma, a type of traditional healer.

Usog or balis is a Filipino superstition whereby an affliction or psychological disorder is attributed to a stranger's greeting or evil eye hex.

Factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA), also known as fabricated or induced illness by carers (FII) or medical child abuse, and originally named Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbP) after Munchausen syndrome, are terms used to describe a situation in which a caregiver creates the appearance of health problems in another person.

Morgellons () is the informal name of a self-diagnosed, scientifically unsubstantiated skin condition in which individuals have sores that they believe contain fibrous material.

Ailurophobia () is the persistent and excessive fear of cats and felines in general.

Aquaphobia is considered a specific phobia of natural environment type in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.

Arachnophobia is the fear of spiders and other arachnids, such as scorpions and ticks.

While actual clinical phobias to color are rare, colors can elicit hormonal responses and psychological reactions.

As time is understood as a specific concept, chronophobia is categorized as a specific phobia.

Claustrophobia is a fear or anxiety of confined spaces.

Criteria can be accounted for under the category of "Other" specific phobia 300.29 (F40.298).

Gelotophobia is a fear of being laughed at, a type of social phobia.

People who suffer from the phobia can be intensely affected by attempted sexual contact or just the thought of it.

Gerontophobia is the hatred or fear of older adults, or a fear of age-related self-degeneration (similar to gerascophobia).

Gynophobia or gynephobia (/ˌɡaɪnəˈfoʊbiə/) is a morbid and irrational fear of women, a type of specific social phobia.

'Hedon' or 'hedone' comes from ancient Greek, meaning 'pleasure' + fear: 'phobia'.

Hodophobia is defined as an intense, persistent, and irrational fear of travel or a specific mode of travel.

Koumpounophobia (from Modern Greek κουμπώνω (koumpóno), meaning "to button", and Ancient Greek φόβος (phóbos), meaning "fear") is the term used to describe the phobia of clothes' buttons.

Mechanophobia is a type of specific phobia that involves the fear of machines or anything mechanical.

Myrmecophobia () is the inexplicable fear of or hatred for ants.

It is classified as a type of specific phobia, meaning it is evaluated and diagnosed based on the experience of high levels of fear and anxiety beyond what is reasonable when exposed to or in anticipation of exposure to stimuli related to the particular concept (in this case germs or contamination).

Necrophobia is the specific phobia of dead organisms (e.g., corpses) as well as things associated with death (e.g., coffins, tombstones, funerals, cemeteries).

Food neophobia, as it may be referred to, is an important concern in pediatric psychology.

Nosocomephobia is defined as the excessive fear of hospitals.

Panphobia is not registered as a type of phobia in medical references.

Phobophobia is a phobia defined as the fear of phobias, or the fear of fear, including intense anxiety and unrealistic and persistent fear of the somatic sensations and the feared phobia ensuing.

Although not clinically recognized as a separate mental or emotional disorder, trypophobia may fall under the category of 'specific phobia' in cases where it causes excessive fear or distress.

In psychology and psychiatry, it refers to an irrational and persistent fear of books or reading -- a specific phobia classified under anxiety disorders.

Harvey Featherstone introduced this phobia in the mid-1980s as a fear of having headache or migraine pain during a pain-free period.

Chemophobia (or chemphobia or chemonoia) is an aversion to or prejudice against chemicals or chemistry.

Ecophobia is the fear of, or an ethical undervaluing of the natural environment that can result in, cataclysmic environmental change.

Endophobia is a neologism understood as the aversion or disdain for the cultural identity and/or phenotypical characteristics of one's own ethnic group, as well as individuals from the same nation, either for their nationality or the sociocultural aspects of the idiosyncrasy of their country or region of origin.

The word ephebiphobia is formed from the Greek ἔφηβος éphēbos, meaning "youth" or "adolescent" and φόβος phóbos, meaning "fear" or "phobia".

Erotophobia is a term to describe a fear or aversion to sex or related matters.

Fear of children, occasionally called paedophobia, is fear triggered by the presence or thinking of children, toddlers or infants.

Femmephobia is loosely defined as the devaluation, denigration, and regulation of femininity in any gender or sex.

Heptadecaphobia (Greek: δεκαεπτά dekaepta, "seventeen" and φόβος, phobos, "fear") is the fear of the number 17.

Iconophobia (literally fear of icons) refers to an aversion to images, especially religious icons.

Mageirocophobia (pronunciation: ) is the fear of cooking.

Masklophobia (sometimes referred to as maskaphobia) is a specific phobia used to classify a general and in some cases an irrational fear of masks, people in costumed clothing and mascots which is common among toddlers and young children.

Those with this phobia may have a hard time holding certain jobs, paying bills, or managing a budget.

Oneirophobia (from Greek όνειρο (oneiro), meaning "dream", and φόβος (phobos), meaning "fear") is the fear of dreams.

The phobia generally occurs in chronic migraine sufferers who may have odor triggered migraines.

Phonophobia, also called ligyrophobia or sonophobia, is a fear of or aversion to specific sounds-a type of specific phobia as well as a form of auditory hypersensitivity.

Pseudodysphagia, in its severe form, is the irrational fear of swallowing or, in its minor form, of choking.

A pseudophobia is a purported irrational aversion or fear whose existence is as yet unproven.

Submechanophobia (from Latin sub 'under'; and from Ancient Greek μηχανή (mechané) 'machine' and φόβος (phóbos) 'fear') is a fear of submerged man-made objects, either partially or entirely underwater.

Tetraphobia (from Ancient Greek τετράς (tetrás) 'four') is the practice of avoiding instances of the digit number 4.

Tokophobia is a significant fear of childbirth.

Toxiphobia in non-human animals is rejection of foods with tastes, odors, or appearances which are followed by illness resulted from toxins found in these foods.

According to the DSM-IV classification of mental disorders, the injury phobia is a specific phobia of blood/injection/injury type.

Tyrannophobia, defined as the fear of dictatorship, is a prevalent theme in American political discourse.

Coprophobia is fear of or aversion to feces or defecation.

Emetophobia is a phobia that causes overwhelming, intense anxiety pertaining to vomit.

Eurotophobia is the aversion to, fear of, or dislike of female genitalia.

Gymnophobia is a fear (phobia) of or prejudice against nudity.

Ommetaphobia, ommatophobia, ophthalmophobia, or rarely oculophobia, is an irrational fear of eyes.

Parcopresis, also termed psychogenic fecal retention or shy bowel, and known colloquially as poop shy, is the inability to defecate without a certain level of privacy.

Paruresis, also known as shy bladder syndrome, is a type of phobia in which a person is unable to urinate in the (real or imaginary) presence of others, such as in a public restroom.

Phagophobia is a psychogenic dysphagia, a fear of swallowing.

Phallophobia in its narrower sense is a fear of the penis and in a broader sense an excessive aversion to masculinity.

The term pogonophobia is derived from the Greek words pogon (πώγων) for "beard" and phobos (φόβος) for "fear."

Sexophobia is the fear of sexual organs or sexual activities and, in a larger sense, the fear of sexuality.

Acrophobia, also known as hypsophobia, is an extreme or irrational fear or phobia of heights, especially when one is not particularly high up.

Ancraophobia, also known as anemophobia, is an extreme fear of wind or drafts.

Astraphobia, also known as astrapophobia, brontophobia, ceraunophobia, or tonitrophobia, is the fear of thunder and lightning or an unwarranted fear of scattered and/or isolated thunderstorms, a type of specific phobia.

Gephyrophobia is the anxiety disorder or specific phobia characterized by the fear of bridges and tunnels, especially those that are older.

Heliophobia is the fear of the Sun, sunlight, or any bright light.

Lilapsophobia is the fear of tornadoes or hurricanes.

Megalophobia is the fear of large objects which triggers anxiety disorders and panic attacks.

Pyrophobia is a fear of fire, which can be considered irrational if beyond what is considered normal.

Radiophobia, a portmanteau of "radiation" and "phobia", refers to fear of ionizing radiation exceeding the actuarial risk, leading to overestimating the health risks of radiation compared to other risks.

Thalassophobia (from Ancient Greek θάλασσα (thálassa) 'sea' and φόβος (phóbos) 'fear') is the persistent and intense fear of deep bodies of water, such as the ocean, seas, or lakes.

Fear of flying is the fear of being on an aircraft, such as an airplane or helicopter, while it is in flight.

Glossophobia or Speech anxiety is the fear of public speaking.

Haphephobia (also known as aphephobia, haphophobia, hapnophobia, hapnephobia, haptephobia, haptophobia, thixophobia, aphenphosmphobia and chiraptophobia) is a specific phobia that involves the fear of touching or of being touched.

Nosophobia, also known as disease phobia or illness anxiety disorder, is the irrational fear of contracting a disease, a type of specific phobia.

Scopophobia, scoptophobia, or ophthalmophobia, is an anxiety disorder characterized by an excessive fear of being stared at in public or stared at by others.

Taphophobia (from Greek τάφος - taphos, "grave, tomb" and φόβος - phobos, "fear") is an abnormal (psychopathological) phobia of being buried alive as a result of being incorrectly pronounced dead.

Test anxiety is a combination of physiological over-arousal, tension and somatic symptoms, along with worry, dread, fear of failure, and catastrophizing, that occur before or during test situations.

Zoophobia, or animal phobia, is the irrational fear or aversion towards non-human animals.

Cynophobia (from the Greek: κύων kýōn 'dog' and φόβος phóbos 'fear') is the fear of dogs, wolves and canines in general.

Equinophobia or hippophobia is a psychological fear of horses.

Galeophobia or selachophobia is the medical term for a fear of sharks.

Herpetophobia is a common specific phobia, which consists of fear or aversion to reptiles, commonly lizards and snakes, and similar vertebrates as amphibians.

Katsaridaphobia is a specific phobia characterized by an abnormal or irrational fear of cockroaches.

Ophidiophobia () or ophiophobia () is fear of snakes.

Ornithophobia is the abnormal and irrational fear of birds, as well as a type of specific phobia.

Truman Show delusion, also known as Truman syndrome or Truman disorder, is a type of delusion in which the person believes that their life is a staged reality show, or that they are being watched on cameras.

In psychology, a false memory is a phenomenon in which someone recalls something that did not actually happen or recalls it differently from the way it actually happened.

Wendigo () is a mythological creature or evil spirit originating from Algonquian folklore.

Boanthropy is a psychological disorder in which a human believes themselves to be a bovine.

Algophobia or algiophobia is a phobia of pain - an abnormal and persistent fear of pain that is far more powerful than that of a normal person.

Gerascophobia is an abnormal or incessant fear of growing older or ageing (senescence).

Aichmophobia () is a kind of specific phobia, the morbid fear of sharp things.

'infinite, boundless') is the specific phobia of infinity, eternity, endlessness, or the uncountable and is also known as the fear of infinity, the fear of eternity, or the fear of endlessness, causing discomfort and sometimes panic attacks from intrusive thoughts of the infinity.

People with this phobia will have anxiety, distress, stomach pain and more.

In the DSM-5, agoraphobia is classified as a phobia along with specific phobias and social phobia.

Echolalia is the repetition of vocalizations made by another person; when repeated by the same person, it is called palilalia.

Anosognosia is a condition in which a person with a disability is cognitively unaware of having it due to an underlying physical condition.

Somatoparaphrenia is a type of monothematic delusion where one denies ownership of a limb or an entire side of one's body.

The term was used as early as in 1910 by Isador Coriat in Abnormal Psychology.