Home›Psychological Phenomena›All Psychological PhenomenaBrowse ByAll Psychological PhenomenaReference and ClassificationDevelopingNamed, observable psychological effects and patterns of thought, feeling or behavior that recur across individuals and situations, such as cognitive dissonance, confirmation bias, the bystander effect, the Dunning-Kruger effect, groupthink and the placebo effect. This is distinct from the formal explanatory frameworks filed under Theories and Concepts, which account for why a phenomenon occurs, and from the individual research projects that first identified or tested one, filed under Studies and Experiments. Belongs here: a named recurring effect or pattern in mental life or behavior that can be described and illustrated independently of any single study. Does not belong here: the theory built to explain a phenomenon's underlying mechanism, filed under Theories and Concepts, and the specific experiment or study that discovered or tested it, filed under Studies and Experiments, even though a phenomenon entity should still connect to both.FactsAll Psychological PhenomenaConnectionsSourcesComments (0)Reader Challenges (0)FactsComparisonTaxonomy AuthorityWell-attestedTversky and Kahneman heuristics-and-biases research program 1All Psychological PhenomenaFilter Results1,392 entriesBranch of PsychologyAllBehavioral Psychology (13)Biological Psychology (1)Clinical Psychology (7)Cognitive Psychology (50)Criminal Psychology (1)Cross-Cultural Psychology (2)Developmental Psychology (8)Educational Psychology (1)Experimental Psychology (1)Forensic Psychology (1)Health Psychology (2)Industrial-Organizational Psychology (1)Media Psychology (3)Neuropsychology (3)Occupational Health Psychology (1)Psycholinguistics (1)Psychophysics (13)Quantitative Psychology (2)Social Psychology (24)Phenomenon FamilyAllAddictive And Compulsive Behaviors (24)Animal and Insect Phobias (27)Anomalous And Altered Experiences (10)Attribution And Judgment Biases (31)Auditory Perception Effects (31)Autobiographical And Childhood Memory (4)Body And Self-Perception Effects (7)Body-Focused And Somatic Phenomena (18)Choice And Preference Effects (48)Confirmation And Belief Biases (7)Culture-Bound Syndromes (24)Death, Ghosts and the Supernatural (9)Delusions and Misidentification Syndromes (18)Encoding Effects (24)Framing And Anchoring Effects (3)Group Dynamics And Conformity Effects (35)Heuristics (16)Interpersonal Perception Effects (11)Leadership And Workplace Effects (25)Mass And Collective Behavior (27)Medical and Body-State Phobias (33)Memory Disorders And Conditions (9)Memory Distortion And False Memory (17)Motion And Depth Perception (35)Motivational And Emotional States (27)Multisensory And Cross-Modal Effects (2)Named Syndromes And Effects (17)Numbers, Objects and Modern Life Phobias (24)Occupational And Performance Phenomena (12)Other Clinical Phenomena (79)Other Decision Biases (31)Other Memory Effects (15)Other Psychophysics Effects (20)Other Social Effects (42)Perceptual Disorders (20)Persuasion And Social Influence Techniques (10)Psychoanalytic Complexes (10)Relationship And Social-Emotional Phenomena (13)Retrieval Effects (43)Risk And Loss Aversion Effects (9)Self, Failure and Miscellaneous Phobias (18)Sex, Intimacy and Body Image Phobias (10)Situational and Environmental Phobias (32)Social And Attribution Biases In Judgment (18)Social and Interpersonal Phobias (21)Specific Phobias (174)Stereotyping And Prejudice (18)Temporal Discounting Effects (5)Time Perception Effects (24)Visual Illusions (87)Associated PsychologistAllAbraham Maslow (1)Alice Eagly (1)Amos Tversky (13)Anthony Greenwald (1)Bluma Zeigarnik (1)Claude Steele (1)Daniel Kahneman (17)Edward Thorndike (1)Edward Tolman (1)Elizabeth Loftus (4)Elton Mayo (1)Fritz Heider (2)George Miller (1)Harold Kelley (1)Henri Tajfel (1)Hermann Ebbinghaus (6)Ivan Pavlov (4)Jean Piaget (2)Jerome Bruner (1)John Bargh (1)John Bowlby (1)John Darley (1)John W. Berry (1)Konrad Lorenz (1)Lenore Jacobson (1)Leon Festinger (1)Martin Seligman (2)Max Wertheimer (1)Melanie Klein (1)Melvin Lerner (1)Peter Wason (2)Robert Rosenthal (1)Sandra Bem (1)Sigmund Freud (6)Solomon Asch (1)Stanley Milgram (1)Walter Cannon (1)William James (1)First Described EraAll1593 (1)1649 (1)1688 (1)1760 (1)1784 (1)1796 (1)1799 (1)1804 (1)1808 (1)1812 (1)1817 (1)1819 (1)1825 (1)1829 (1)1832 (1)1833 (2)1834 (1)1836 (1)1839 (1)1848 (2)1850 (1)1851 (1)1852 (1)1860 (3)1861 (1)1865 (1)1866 (1)1871 (1)1872 (2)1874 (2)1876 (4)1878 (1)1879 (1)1880 (3)1885 (4)1886 (2)1887 (2)1889 (2)1890 (2)1891 (2)1892 (2)1894 (3)1895 (6)1896 (2)1898 (3)1899 (1)1900 (4)1901 (1)1903 (2)1904 (2)1905 (1)1906 (4)1907 (2)1908 (5)1909 (3)1910 (4)1911 (2)1912 (3)1913 (7)1914 (6)1915 (2)1918 (1)1919 (1)1920 (3)1922 (3)1923 (7)1924 (4)1926 (1)1927 (4)1928 (4)1929 (1)1930 (1)1931 (1)1932 (1)1933 (1)1934 (1)1935 (2)1936 (3)1937 (1)1938 (1)1939 (2)1942 (4)1943 (3)1944 (1)1945 (2)1946 (1)1947 (1)1948 (2)1949 (6)1951 (1)1952 (4)1953 (4)1954 (7)1955 (4)1956 (5)1957 (3)1958 (7)1959 (5)1960 (7)1961 (7)1962 (2)1963 (2)1964 (7)1965 (2)1966 (9)1967 (7)1968 (8)1969 (5)1970 (8)1971 (9)1972 (9)1973 (12)1974 (11)1975 (11)1976 (6)1977 (8)1978 (8)1979 (8)1980 (5)1981 (7)1982 (8)1983 (5)1984 (4)1985 (10)1986 (5)1987 (4)1988 (8)1989 (3)1990 (7)1991 (7)1992 (6)1993 (4)1994 (8)1995 (8)1996 (5)1997 (3)1998 (7)1999 (10)2000 (10)2001 (6)2002 (5)2003 (5)2004 (4)2005 (6)2006 (3)2007 (4)2008 (5)2009 (1)2010 (4)2011 (3)2012 (1)2013 (4)2014 (1)2015 (1)2018 (3)2021 (1)2023 (2)2024 (1)Type of PhenomenonAllBehavioral Phenomenon (145)Cognitive Phenomenon (497)Developmental Phenomenon (55)Emotional Phenomenon (303)Perceptual Phenomenon (201)Social or Interpersonal Phenomenon (186)In GroupAllAddictive And Compulsive Behaviors (24)Animal and Insect Phobias (27)Anomalous And Altered Experiences (10)Attribution And Judgment Biases (31)Auditory Perception Effects (31)Autobiographical And Childhood Memory (4)Body And Self-Perception Effects (7)Body-Focused And Somatic Phenomena (18)Choice And Preference Effects (48)Confirmation And Belief Biases (7)Culture-Bound Syndromes (24)Death, Ghosts and the Supernatural (9)Delusions and Misidentification Syndromes (18)Encoding Effects (24)Framing And Anchoring Effects (3)Group Dynamics And Conformity Effects (35)Heuristics (16)Interpersonal Perception Effects (11)Leadership And Workplace Effects (25)Mass And Collective Behavior (27)Medical and Body-State Phobias (33)Memory Disorders And Conditions (9)Memory Distortion And False Memory (17)Motion And Depth Perception (35)Motivational And Emotional States (27)Multisensory And Cross-Modal Effects (2)Named Syndromes And Effects (17)Numbers, Objects and Modern Life Phobias (24)Occupational And Performance Phenomena (12)Other Clinical Phenomena (79)Other Decision Biases (31)Other Memory Effects (15)Other Psychophysics Effects (20)Other Social Effects (42)Perceptual Disorders (20)Persuasion And Social Influence Techniques (10)Psychoanalytic Complexes (10)Relationship And Social-Emotional Phenomena (13)Retrieval Effects (43)Risk And Loss Aversion Effects (9)Self, Failure and Miscellaneous Phobias (18)Sex, Intimacy and Body Image Phobias (10)Situational and Environmental Phobias (32)Social And Attribution Biases In Judgment (18)Social and Interpersonal Phobias (21)Stereotyping And Prejudice (18)Temporal Discounting Effects (5)Time Perception Effects (24)Visual Illusions (87)Diagnostic ChapterAllAnxiety or Fear-Related Disorders (142)Catatonia (1)Depressive Disorders (1)Disorders Due to Substance Use or Addictive Behaviours (16)Disorders of Bodily Distress or Bodily Experience (4)Disorders Specifically Associated with Stress (6)Dissociative Disorders (11)Factitious Disorders (4)Feeding or Eating Disorders (3)Impulse Control Disorders (1)Neurocognitive Disorders (12)Obsessive-Compulsive or Related Disorders (1)Schizophrenia or Other Primary Psychotic Disorders (24)Secondary Mental or Behavioural Syndromes Associated with Disorders or Diseases Classified Elsewhere (1)Sleep-Wake Disorders (4)BrowseCompareSelect all 100Abilene ParadoxSocial Biases and Group EffectsAbsenteeismClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAbsent-Mindedness (Memory)Memory Biases and EffectsAbsolute ThresholdPerception and Psychophysics EffectsAbusive SupervisionSocial Biases and Group EffectsAccentuation EffectMemory Biases and EffectsAcculturationClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAcquiescence BiasProbability and Statistical Reasoning BiasesAcrophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaActing OutPsychoanalytic Defense MechanismsAction BiasDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesAction SlipPerception and Psychophysics EffectsActor-Observer AsymmetrySocial Biases and Group EffectsActor-Observer BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsAdaptive BiasDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesAddictive PersonalityClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAdditive BiasDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesAdolescent EgocentrismDevelopmental PhenomenaAdultificationSocial Biases and Group EffectsAerophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAesthetic-Usability EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesAffect HeuristicAnchoring and Availability BiasesAffective ForecastingClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAffinity BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsAffluenzaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAfterimagePerception and Psychophysics EffectsAgent Detection BiasDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesAgoraphobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAgyrophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAichmophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAilurophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAkinetopsiaPerception and Psychophysics EffectsAlcohol MyopiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAlektorophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAlexithymiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAlgophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAlice in Wonderland SyndromePerception and Psychophysics EffectsAlien Hand SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAlliesthesiaPerception and Psychophysics EffectsAllostatic LoadClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAltered State of ConsciousnessSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaAltruism (Defense Mechanism)Psychoanalytic Defense MechanismsAmafufunyanaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAmbiguity AversionDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesAmbiguity EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesAmbiguous ImagePerception and Psychophysics EffectsAmes Room IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsAmes WindowPerception and Psychophysics EffectsAmity-Enmity ComplexSocial Biases and Group EffectsAmok SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAmotivational SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAmusiaPerception and Psychophysics EffectsAmygdala HijackClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAnalysis ParalysisDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesAnatidaephobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAnchoring BiasAnchoring and Availability BiasesAnchoring EffectAnchoring and Availability BiasesAncraophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAndrophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAnhedoniaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAnimism (Child Development)Developmental PhenomenaAnorexia AthleticaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAnorexia MirabilisClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAnosognosiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaA-Not-B ErrorDevelopmental PhenomenaAnthropocentric ThinkingDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesAnthropomorphismDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesAnthropophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAnticipation (Defense Mechanism)Psychoanalytic Defense MechanismsAnticipatory AnxietyClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAnticipatory ObedienceSocial Biases and Group EffectsAnton-Babinski SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAnxious-Ambivalent AttachmentDevelopmental PhenomenaApeirophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAphantasiaPerception and Psychophysics EffectsApiphobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaApopheniaDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesApotemnophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaApperceptive AgnosiaPerception and Psychophysics EffectsApproach-Avoidance ConflictClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAquaphobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaArachnophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAsahi IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsAsomatognosiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAssembly Bonus EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsAssociative AgnosiaPerception and Psychophysics EffectsAstereognosisPerception and Psychophysics EffectsAstraphobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAtaque de NerviosClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAtelophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAthazagoraphobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAttentional BiasAnchoring and Availability BiasesAttentional BlinkPerception and Psychophysics EffectsAttractiveness HaloSocial Biases and Group EffectsAttribute SubstitutionAnchoring and Availability BiasesAttribution (Psychology)Social Biases and Group EffectsAttribution BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsAtychiphobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAuditory AgnosiaPerception and Psychophysics EffectsAuthority BiasSocial Biases and Group Effects123…14Next →ConnectionsShowing the first 400 of 1,391 connections.Sources1. Wikipedia: Heuristics in Judgment and Decision-Makingtier 2Wikimedia FoundationHeuristics in judgment and decision-making, Tversky and Kahneman sectionQuote, Heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Tversky and Kahneman sectionThis research, called the heuristics-and-biases program, challenged the idea that human beings are rational actors and first gained worldwide attention in 1974 with the Science paper "Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases".View the SourceComments (0)No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.Sign in to join the discussion.Reader Challenges (0)No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.