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Branches of Psychology

Forensic Psychology

Forensic Psychology and Legal Issues

Forensic psychology is the branch of psychology that applies psychological principles, research and clinical skill to questions arising within the legal system, including assessing a defendant's competency to stand trial, conducting risk and custody evaluations, and advising courts on witness testimony. Trial consultants who work in this field are typically retained by one side in a case, which raises its own questions about how a scientific witness stays neutral inside an adversarial system.

Facts
Central Question
How can psychological science be applied within the legal and criminal justice system, from assessing competency and criminal responsibility to evaluating witness testimony? 1
Key Debate
Whether a forensic evaluator can remain a neutral scientific witness while frequently being retained and compensated by one side in an adversarial legal proceeding. 1
Connections

Associated With

Hugo Münsterberg, Psychologists

His On the Witness Stand is generally credited as founding forensic psychology's application to legal testimony.

Includes

Source Acting out, Wikipedia
Source Wikipedia: Amina Memon
Source David Canter (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Elizabeth Loftus
Source Wikipedia: Factitious disorder imposed on another
Source Ganser syndrome (Wikipedia)
Source Gísli Guðjónsson (Wikipedia)
Source Hugo Münsterberg (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Lost in the Mall Technique
Source Malingering (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Misinformation Effect
Source Wikipedia: Factitious disorder imposed on self
Source Randy Borum (Wikipedia)
Source Ronald Roesch (Wikipedia)
Source Weapon focus, Wikipedia
Sources
1. Wikipedia: Forensic Psychology
Wikimedia Foundation
  • Lead section
    the application of scientific knowledge and methods (in relation to psychology) to assist in answering legal questions
  • Consultations subsection
    Because trial consultants are often hired by one specific side in a trial, these psychologists face many ethical issues.
Wikipedia: Elizabeth Loftus
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Elizabeth Loftus, 1970 to 1989 section
Quote, Includes: Elizabeth Loftus, 1970 to 1989 section
She shifted from laboratory work to using "real world" situations of criminal court cases.
Wikipedia: Misinformation Effect
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Misinformation Effect, Daily applications, eyewitness testimony section
Quote, Includes: Misinformation Effect, Daily applications, eyewitness testimony section
After witnessing a crime or accident there may be opportunities for witnesses to interact and share information.
Wikipedia: Lost in the Mall Technique
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Lost in the Mall Experiment, Origin and creators section
Quote, Includes: Lost in the Mall Experiment, Origin and creators section
It was first developed by Elizabeth Loftus and her undergraduate student Jim Coan, as support for the thesis that it is possible to implant entirely false memories in people.
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Weapon focus, Wikipedia
Includes: Weapon Focus, Article text
Quote, Includes: Weapon Focus, Article text
In the field of forensic psychology, researchers have validated the weapon focus effect and shown that a witness will remember less about a crime, or the perpetrator of a crime, when a weapon is present, as opposed to if the weapon is not present at an identical crime.
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Hugo Münsterberg (Wikipedia)
Includes: Hugo Münsterberg, Lead section
Quote, Includes: Hugo Münsterberg, Lead section
Hugo Münsterberg (; German: [ˈmʏnstɐbɛʁk]; June 1, 1863 - December 16, 1916) was a German-American psychologist.
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Acting out, Wikipedia
Includes: Acting Out, Lead section
Quote, Includes: Acting Out, Lead section
In psychology and psychiatry, acting out is the expression of one's emotion by physical movement, especially ones perceived as socially inappropriate or anti-social.
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Ganser syndrome (Wikipedia)
Includes: Ganser Syndrome, Lead section
Quote, Includes: Ganser Syndrome, Lead section
Ganser syndrome is a rare dissociative disorder characterized by nonsensical or wrong answers to questions and other dissociative symptoms such as fugue, amnesia or conversion disorder, often with visual pseudohallucinations and a decreased state of consciousness.
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Wikipedia: Factitious disorder imposed on self
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Munchausen Syndrome, Lead section
Quote, Includes: Munchausen Syndrome, Lead section
Factitious disorder imposed on self (FDIS), commonly called Munchausen syndrome, is a complex mental disorder in which an individual imitates symptoms of illness in order to elicit attention, sympathy, or physical care.
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Wikipedia: Factitious disorder imposed on another
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another, Lead section
Quote, Includes: Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another, Lead section
Factitious disorder imposed on another (FDIA), also known as fabricated or induced illness by carers (FII) or medical child abuse, and originally named Munchausen syndrome by proxy (MSbP) after Munchausen syndrome, are terms used to describe a situation in which a caregiver creates the appearance of health problems in another person.
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Malingering (Wikipedia)
Includes: Malingering, Lead section
Quote, Includes: Malingering, Lead section
Malingering is the intentional fabrication, feigning, or exaggeration of physical or psychological symptoms to obtain an external benefit, such as personal gain, relief from duty or work, avoidance of arrest, acquisition of medication, or mitigation of criminal sentencing.
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David Canter (Wikipedia)
Includes: David Canter, Lead section
Quote, Includes: David Canter, Lead section
David Victor Canter (born 5 January 1944) is a British psychologist known for his contributions to environmental psychology, behaviour in emergencies, forensic psychology, and investigative psychology.
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Ronald Roesch (Wikipedia)
Includes: Ronald Roesch, Lead section
Quote, Includes: Ronald Roesch, Lead section
Ronald Roesch (born 1947) is Emeritus Professor of Psychology at Simon Fraser University in British Columbia, Canada.
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Wikipedia: Amina Memon
Includes: Amina Memon, Lead section
Quote, Includes: Amina Memon, Lead section
Amina Memon (born 1961) is a social and cognitive psychologist, academic, and author.
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Gísli Guðjónsson (Wikipedia)
Includes: Gisli Gudjonsson, Lead
Quote, Includes: Gisli Gudjonsson, Lead
Gísli Hannes Guðjónsson, CBE (born 26 October 1947) is an Icelandic-British academic, educator, forensic psychologist and former detective.
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Randy Borum (Wikipedia)
Includes: Randy Borum, Lead
Quote, Includes: Randy Borum, Lead
He is a board-certified forensic psychologist, worked as a senior consultant to the U.S.
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