Home›Psychological Phenomena›All Psychological PhenomenaBrowse ByAll Psychological PhenomenaReference and ClassificationDevelopingPsychological phenomenon entities are the specific, named cognitive and social effects this atlas documents, biases, heuristics and observed patterns of thought and behavior such as confirmation bias, the bystander effect and the sunk cost fallacy, grouped into bands led by Decision-Making and Judgment Biases and Social Biases and Group Effects, drawn from the editorial split used by Wikipedia's own List of cognitive biases article and grown considerably past its founding entries by later mint waves. A phenomenon is a specific documented effect, narrower than a theory, which is the broader explanatory account that may explain several phenomena at once, and narrower than a study, which is the particular research project that first identified or tested one. This band is where a reader browses psychology by its catalogue of named mental shortcuts and their failure modes, the single largest and fastest growing band in the atlas, with comprehensive real world coverage of the field's documented bias and heuristic literature as the ongoing target rather than any fixed list.FactsAll Psychological PhenomenaSourcesComments (0)Reader Challenges (0)FactsComparisonTaxonomy AuthorityWell-attestedTversky and Kahneman heuristics-and-biases research program 1All Psychological PhenomenaFilter Results1,392 entriesBranch of PsychologyAllAbnormal Psychology (273)Anomalistic Psychology (1)Applied Behavior Analysis (2)Behavioral Psychology (32)Biological Psychology (1)Clinical Neuropsychology (1)Clinical Psychology (9)Cognitive Neuroscience (6)Cognitive Psychology (430)Consumer Psychology (9)Criminal Psychology (1)Cross-Cultural Psychology (2)Cyberpsychology (1)Developmental Psychology (19)Educational Psychology (15)Environmental Psychology (3)Evolutionary Psychology (6)Experimental Psychology (13)Forensic Psychology (9)Health Psychology (3)Industrial-Organizational Psychology (16)Media Psychology (3)Moral Psychology (16)Neuropsychology (29)Occupational Health Psychology (1)Parapsychology (6)Pediatric Psychology (1)Personality Psychology (25)Political Psychology (1)Psycholinguistics (12)Psychology of Music (4)Psychology of Religion (2)Psychophysics (20)Quantitative Psychology (3)Social Psychology (104)Sport and Exercise Psychology (4)Phenomenon FamilyAllAddictive And Compulsive Behaviors (24)Adolescent Thinking (3)Affective Forecasting and Self-Prediction Errors (3)Anchoring Effects (2)Animal and Insect Phobias (27)Anomalous And Altered Experiences (10)Attribution And Judgment Biases (31)Auditory Perception Effects (31)Autobiographical And Childhood Memory (4)Belief Perseverance Effects (4)Body And Self-Perception Effects (7)Body-Focused And Somatic Phenomena (18)Choice And Preference Effects (48)Classical Conditioning Phenomena (13)Confirmation And Belief Biases (7)Confirmation Biases (7)Critical and Sensitive Periods (2)Culture-Bound Syndromes (24)Death, Ghosts and the Supernatural (9)Defense Mechanisms (21)Delusions and Misidentification Syndromes (18)Dream Phenomena (5)Early Childhood Cognitive Concepts (7)Encoding Effects (24)Expectancy and Experimenter Effects (5)Framing And Anchoring Effects (3)Group Dynamics And Conformity Effects (35)Heuristics (16)Heuristics and Mental Shortcuts (7)Infant and Child Social Bonds (10)Interpersonal Perception Effects (11)Language Development in Children (3)Leadership And Workplace Effects (25)Learning Predispositions (3)Mass And Collective Behavior (27)Medical and Body-State Phobias (33)Memory Disorders And Conditions (9)Memory Distortion And False Memory (17)Midlife and Adult Transitions (5)Motion And Depth Perception (35)Motivated Reasoning and Self-Justification (6)Motivational And Emotional States (27)Multisensory And Cross-Modal Effects (2)Named Syndromes And Effects (17)Non-Associative Learning (2)Numbers, Objects and Modern Life Phobias (24)Occupational And Performance Phenomena (12)Operant Conditioning Phenomena (7)Other Clinical Phenomena (79)Other Decision Biases (31)Other Memory Effects (15)Other Psychophysics Effects (20)Other Social Effects (42)Overconfidence and Overestimation Biases (10)Parasomnias (5)Pattern and Streak Illusions (4)Perceptual Disorders (20)Persuasion And Social Influence Techniques (10)Practice and Skill Learning Effects (3)Probability Judgment Fallacies (13)Projection and Transference Processes (5)Psychoanalytic Complexes (10)Questionable Research Practices (2)Recency and Salience Biases (4)Relationship And Social-Emotional Phenomena (13)Repetition and Familiarity Effects (4)Retrieval Effects (43)Risk And Loss Aversion Effects (9)Selection and Sampling Biases (5)Self, Failure and Miscellaneous Phobias (18)Self-Insight and Blind Spot Biases (5)Sex, Intimacy and Body Image Phobias (10)Situational and Environmental Phobias (32)Sleep-Wake Transition States (7)Social And Attribution Biases In Judgment (18)Social and Interpersonal Phobias (21)Specific Phobias (174)Stereotyping And Prejudice (18)Subjective Validation Effects (2)Temporal Discounting Effects (5)Time Perception Effects (24)Visual Illusions (87)Waking Altered States (6)Associated PsychologistAllAbraham Maslow (1)Alice Eagly (1)Amos Tversky (13)Anthony Greenwald (1)Bluma Zeigarnik (1)Claude Steele (1)Daniel Kahneman (17)Edward Thorndike (1)Edward Tolman (1)Elizabeth Loftus (4)Elton Mayo (1)Fritz Heider (2)George Miller (1)Harold Kelley (1)Henri Tajfel (1)Hermann Ebbinghaus (6)Ivan Pavlov (4)Jean Piaget (2)Jerome Bruner (1)John Bargh (1)John Bowlby (1)John Darley (1)John W. Berry (1)Konrad Lorenz (1)Lenore Jacobson (1)Leon Festinger (1)Martin Seligman (2)Max Wertheimer (1)Melanie Klein (1)Melvin Lerner (1)Peter Wason (2)Robert Rosenthal (1)Sandra Bem (1)Sigmund Freud (6)Solomon Asch (1)Stanley Milgram (1)Walter Cannon (1)William James (1)First Described EraAll1374 (1)1593 (1)1649 (1)1688 (1)1760 (1)1783 (1)1784 (1)1796 (1)1799 (1)1804 (1)1808 (1)1812 (1)1817 (1)1819 (1)1825 (1)1829 (1)1832 (2)1833 (2)1834 (1)1836 (1)1839 (1)1848 (2)1850 (1)1851 (1)1852 (1)1860 (4)1861 (1)1865 (3)1866 (1)1870 (2)1871 (1)1872 (2)1874 (2)1876 (4)1878 (1)1879 (1)1880 (3)1885 (5)1886 (3)1887 (2)1889 (2)1890 (2)1891 (3)1892 (3)1893 (1)1894 (3)1895 (8)1896 (2)1898 (3)1899 (1)1900 (4)1901 (2)1903 (2)1904 (2)1905 (1)1906 (4)1907 (2)1908 (6)1909 (3)1910 (4)1911 (2)1912 (3)1913 (7)1914 (6)1915 (3)1918 (1)1919 (1)1920 (3)1921 (1)1922 (3)1923 (7)1924 (4)1926 (1)1927 (4)1928 (4)1929 (1)1930 (1)1931 (1)1932 (1)1933 (1)1934 (2)1935 (2)1936 (4)1937 (3)1938 (1)1939 (2)1942 (6)1943 (3)1944 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And Altered Experiences (10)Attribution And Judgment Biases (31)Auditory Perception Effects (31)Autobiographical And Childhood Memory (4)Belief Perseverance Effects (4)Body And Self-Perception Effects (7)Body-Focused And Somatic Phenomena (18)Choice And Preference Effects (48)Classical Conditioning Phenomena (13)Confirmation And Belief Biases (7)Confirmation Biases (7)Critical and Sensitive Periods (2)Culture-Bound Syndromes (24)Death, Ghosts and the Supernatural (9)Defense Mechanisms (21)Delusions and Misidentification Syndromes (18)Dream Phenomena (5)Early Childhood Cognitive Concepts (7)Encoding Effects (24)Expectancy and Experimenter Effects (5)Framing And Anchoring Effects (3)Group Dynamics And Conformity Effects (35)Heuristics (16)Heuristics and Mental Shortcuts (7)Infant and Child Social Bonds (10)Interpersonal Perception Effects (11)Language Development in Children (3)Leadership And Workplace Effects (25)Learning Predispositions (3)Mass And Collective Behavior (27)Medical and Body-State Phobias (33)Memory Disorders And Conditions (9)Memory Distortion And False Memory (17)Midlife and Adult Transitions (5)Motion And Depth Perception (35)Motivated Reasoning and Self-Justification (6)Motivational And Emotional States (27)Multisensory And Cross-Modal Effects (2)Named Syndromes And Effects (17)Non-Associative Learning (2)Numbers, Objects and Modern Life Phobias (24)Occupational And Performance Phenomena (12)Operant Conditioning Phenomena (7)Other Clinical Phenomena (79)Other Decision Biases (31)Other Memory Effects (15)Other Psychophysics Effects (20)Other Social Effects (42)Overconfidence and Overestimation Biases (10)Parasomnias (5)Pattern and Streak Illusions (4)Perceptual Disorders (20)Persuasion And Social Influence Techniques (10)Practice and Skill Learning Effects (3)Probability Judgment Fallacies (13)Projection and Transference Processes (5)Psychoanalytic Complexes (10)Questionable Research Practices (2)Recency and Salience Biases (4)Relationship And Social-Emotional Phenomena (13)Repetition and Familiarity Effects (4)Retrieval Effects (43)Risk And Loss Aversion Effects (9)Selection and Sampling Biases (5)Self, Failure and Miscellaneous Phobias (18)Self-Insight and Blind Spot Biases (5)Sex, Intimacy and Body Image Phobias (10)Situational and Environmental Phobias (32)Sleep-Wake Transition States (7)Social And Attribution Biases In Judgment (18)Social and Interpersonal Phobias (21)Stereotyping And Prejudice (18)Subjective Validation Effects (2)Temporal Discounting Effects (5)Time Perception Effects (24)Visual Illusions (87)Waking Altered States (6)Diagnostic ChapterAllAnxiety or Fear-Related Disorders (156)Catatonia (1)Depressive Disorders (1)Disorders Due to Substance Use or Addictive Behaviours (16)Disorders of Bodily Distress or Bodily Experience (4)Disorders Specifically Associated with Stress (6)Dissociative Disorders (11)Factitious Disorders (4)Feeding or Eating Disorders (3)Impulse Control Disorders (1)Neurocognitive Disorders (12)Obsessive-Compulsive or Related Disorders (3)Schizophrenia or Other Primary Psychotic Disorders (25)Secondary Mental or Behavioural Syndromes Associated with Disorders or Diseases Classified Elsewhere (1)Sleep-Wake Disorders (7)Show ResultsBrowseCompareSelect all 100Hot-Cold Empathy GapOverconfidence and Self-Assessment BiasesHot-Hand FallacyProbability and Statistical Reasoning BiasesHumor EffectMemory Biases and EffectsHungry Judge EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesHwabyeongClinical and Motivational PhenomenaHyperbolic DiscountingDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesHypercorrection (Psychology)Memory Biases and EffectsHyperphantasiaPerception and Psychophysics EffectsHypersonic EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsHyperthymesiaMemory Biases and EffectsHypervigilanceClinical and Motivational PhenomenaHypnagogiaSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaHypnic JerkSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaHypnophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaHypnopompiaSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaHypnosisSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaHypocognitionDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesHysterical ContagionSocial Biases and Group EffectsIchthyophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaIconophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaIdealization and DevaluationPsychoanalytic Defense MechanismsIdeas of ReferenceClinical and Motivational PhenomenaIdentifiable Victim EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesIdentification with the AggressorPsychoanalytic Defense MechanismsIdeomotor PhenomenonClinical and Motivational PhenomenaIdiosyncrasy CreditSocial Biases and Group EffectsIich'aaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaIKEA EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesIllusion of Asymmetric InsightSocial Biases and Group EffectsIllusion of CompetenceLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaIllusion of ControlOverconfidence and Self-Assessment BiasesIllusion of Explanatory DepthOverconfidence and Self-Assessment BiasesIllusion of TransparencySocial Biases and Group EffectsIllusion of ValidityOverconfidence and Self-Assessment BiasesIllusions of Self-MotionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsIllusory ConjunctionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsIllusory ContoursPerception and Psychophysics EffectsIllusory CorrelationProbability and Statistical Reasoning BiasesIllusory SuperioritySocial Biases and Group EffectsIllusory Truth EffectAnchoring and Availability BiasesImaginary AudienceDevelopmental PhenomenaImaginary FriendDevelopmental PhenomenaImagination InflationMemory Biases and EffectsImpact BiasOverconfidence and Self-Assessment BiasesImplicit BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsImplicit CognitionDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesImplicit StereotypeSocial Biases and Group EffectsImpossible ObjectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsImpossible TridentPerception and Psychophysics EffectsImposter SyndromeOverconfidence and Self-Assessment BiasesImpostor PhenomenonSocial Biases and Group EffectsImpostor SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaInattentional BlindnessDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesInequity AversionSocial Biases and Group EffectsInfant-Directed SpeechDevelopmental PhenomenaInfantile AmnesiaMemory Biases and EffectsInferiority ComplexClinical and Motivational PhenomenaInformation BiasDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesInformation CascadeDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesInfrahumanisationSocial Biases and Group EffectsIngratiationSocial Biases and Group EffectsIngroup BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsIn-Group BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsIn-Group FavoritismSocial Biases and Group EffectsInhibition of ReturnPerception and Psychophysics EffectsInsecure AttachmentDevelopmental PhenomenaInsensitivity to Sample SizeProbability and Statistical Reasoning BiasesInsight LearningLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaInstinctive DriftLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaIntellectual HumilityOverconfidence and Self-Assessment BiasesIntellectualizationPsychoanalytic Defense MechanismsIntentionality BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsInterference TheoryMemory Biases and EffectsIntergroup AnxietySocial Biases and Group EffectsInternet Addiction DisorderClinical and Motivational PhenomenaInternet Sex AddictionClinical and Motivational PhenomenaInterpretive BiasClinical and Motivational PhenomenaIntrojection (Psychology)Psychoanalytic Defense MechanismsIntrospection IllusionOverconfidence and Self-Assessment BiasesIntrusive ThoughtClinical and Motivational PhenomenaInversion IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsIronic Process TheoryClinical and Motivational PhenomenaIrradiation IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsIrrelevant Speech EffectMemory Biases and EffectsIsolationPsychoanalytic Defense MechanismsIsolation (Psychology)Psychoanalytic Defense MechanismsIsolation of AffectPsychoanalytic Defense MechanismsJamais VuMemory Biases and EffectsJastrow IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsJerusalem SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaJob InsecurityClinical and Motivational PhenomenaJocasta ComplexClinical and Motivational PhenomenaJohn Henry EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsJoint AttentionDevelopmental PhenomenaJumping Frenchmen of MaineClinical and Motivational PhenomenaJumping to ConclusionsDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesJust-Noticeable DifferencePerception and Psychophysics EffectsJust-World FallacySocial Biases and Group EffectsKanizsa TrianglePerception and Psychophysics EffectsKappa EffectPerception and Psychophysics Effects← Previous1…56789…14Next →Sources1. Wikipedia: Heuristics in Judgment and Decision-Makingtier 2Wikimedia FoundationHeuristics in judgment and decision-making, Tversky and Kahneman sectionQuote, Heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Tversky and Kahneman sectionThis research, called the heuristics-and-biases program, challenged the idea that human beings are rational actors and first gained worldwide attention in 1974 with the Science paper "Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases".View the SourceComments (0)No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.Sign in to join the discussion.Reader Challenges (0)No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.