Home›Psychological Phenomena›All Psychological PhenomenaBrowse ByAll Psychological PhenomenaReference and ClassificationDevelopingPsychological phenomenon entities are the specific, named cognitive and social effects this atlas documents, biases, heuristics and observed patterns of thought and behavior such as confirmation bias, the bystander effect and the sunk cost fallacy, grouped into bands led by Decision-Making and Judgment Biases and Social Biases and Group Effects, drawn from the editorial split used by Wikipedia's own List of cognitive biases article and grown considerably past its founding entries by later mint waves. A phenomenon is a specific documented effect, narrower than a theory, which is the broader explanatory account that may explain several phenomena at once, and narrower than a study, which is the particular research project that first identified or tested one. This band is where a reader browses psychology by its catalogue of named mental shortcuts and their failure modes, the single largest and fastest growing band in the atlas, with comprehensive real world coverage of the field's documented bias and heuristic literature as the ongoing target rather than any fixed list.FactsAll Psychological PhenomenaSourcesComments (0)Reader Challenges (0)FactsComparisonTaxonomy AuthorityWell-attestedTversky and Kahneman heuristics-and-biases research program 1All Psychological PhenomenaFilter Results1,392 entriesBranch of PsychologyAllAbnormal Psychology (273)Anomalistic Psychology (1)Applied Behavior Analysis (2)Behavioral Psychology (32)Biological Psychology (1)Clinical Neuropsychology (1)Clinical Psychology (9)Cognitive Neuroscience (6)Cognitive Psychology (430)Consumer Psychology (9)Criminal Psychology (1)Cross-Cultural Psychology (2)Cyberpsychology (1)Developmental Psychology (19)Educational Psychology (15)Environmental Psychology (3)Evolutionary Psychology (6)Experimental Psychology (13)Forensic Psychology (9)Health Psychology (3)Industrial-Organizational Psychology (16)Media Psychology (3)Moral Psychology (16)Neuropsychology (29)Occupational Health Psychology (1)Parapsychology (6)Pediatric Psychology (1)Personality Psychology (25)Political Psychology (1)Psycholinguistics (12)Psychology of Music (4)Psychology of Religion (2)Psychophysics (20)Quantitative Psychology (3)Social Psychology (104)Sport and Exercise Psychology (4)Phenomenon FamilyAllAddictive And Compulsive Behaviors (24)Adolescent Thinking (3)Affective Forecasting and Self-Prediction Errors (3)Anchoring Effects (2)Animal and Insect Phobias (27)Anomalous And Altered Experiences (10)Attribution And Judgment Biases (31)Auditory Perception Effects (31)Autobiographical And Childhood Memory (4)Belief Perseverance Effects (4)Body And Self-Perception Effects (7)Body-Focused And Somatic Phenomena (18)Choice And Preference Effects (48)Classical Conditioning Phenomena (13)Confirmation And Belief Biases (7)Confirmation Biases (7)Critical and Sensitive Periods (2)Culture-Bound Syndromes (24)Death, Ghosts and the Supernatural (9)Defense Mechanisms (21)Delusions and Misidentification Syndromes (18)Dream Phenomena (5)Early Childhood Cognitive Concepts (7)Encoding Effects (24)Expectancy and Experimenter Effects (5)Framing And Anchoring Effects (3)Group Dynamics And Conformity Effects (35)Heuristics (16)Heuristics and Mental Shortcuts (7)Infant and Child Social Bonds (10)Interpersonal Perception Effects (11)Language Development in Children (3)Leadership And Workplace Effects (25)Learning Predispositions (3)Mass And Collective Behavior (27)Medical and Body-State Phobias (33)Memory Disorders And Conditions (9)Memory Distortion And False Memory (17)Midlife and Adult Transitions (5)Motion And Depth Perception (35)Motivated Reasoning and Self-Justification (6)Motivational And Emotional States (27)Multisensory And Cross-Modal Effects (2)Named Syndromes And Effects (17)Non-Associative Learning (2)Numbers, Objects and Modern Life Phobias (24)Occupational And Performance Phenomena (12)Operant Conditioning Phenomena (7)Other Clinical Phenomena (79)Other Decision Biases (31)Other Memory Effects (15)Other Psychophysics Effects (20)Other Social Effects (42)Overconfidence and Overestimation Biases (10)Parasomnias (5)Pattern and Streak Illusions (4)Perceptual Disorders (20)Persuasion And Social Influence Techniques (10)Practice and Skill Learning Effects (3)Probability Judgment Fallacies (13)Projection and Transference Processes (5)Psychoanalytic Complexes (10)Questionable Research Practices (2)Recency and Salience Biases (4)Relationship And Social-Emotional Phenomena (13)Repetition and Familiarity Effects (4)Retrieval Effects (43)Risk And Loss Aversion Effects (9)Selection and Sampling Biases (5)Self, Failure and Miscellaneous Phobias (18)Self-Insight and Blind Spot Biases (5)Sex, Intimacy and Body Image Phobias (10)Situational and Environmental Phobias (32)Sleep-Wake Transition States (7)Social And Attribution Biases In Judgment (18)Social and Interpersonal Phobias (21)Specific Phobias (174)Stereotyping And Prejudice (18)Subjective Validation Effects (2)Temporal Discounting Effects (5)Time Perception Effects (24)Visual Illusions (87)Waking Altered States (6)Associated PsychologistAllAbraham Maslow (1)Alice Eagly (1)Amos Tversky (13)Anthony Greenwald (1)Bluma Zeigarnik (1)Claude Steele (1)Daniel Kahneman (17)Edward Thorndike (1)Edward Tolman (1)Elizabeth Loftus (4)Elton Mayo (1)Fritz Heider (2)George Miller (1)Harold Kelley (1)Henri Tajfel (1)Hermann Ebbinghaus (6)Ivan Pavlov (4)Jean Piaget (2)Jerome Bruner (1)John Bargh (1)John Bowlby (1)John Darley (1)John W. Berry (1)Konrad Lorenz (1)Lenore Jacobson (1)Leon Festinger (1)Martin Seligman (2)Max Wertheimer (1)Melanie Klein (1)Melvin Lerner (1)Peter Wason (2)Robert Rosenthal (1)Sandra Bem (1)Sigmund Freud (6)Solomon Asch (1)Stanley Milgram (1)Walter Cannon (1)William James (1)First Described EraAll1374 (1)1593 (1)1649 (1)1688 (1)1760 (1)1783 (1)1784 (1)1796 (1)1799 (1)1804 (1)1808 (1)1812 (1)1817 (1)1819 (1)1825 (1)1829 (1)1832 (2)1833 (2)1834 (1)1836 (1)1839 (1)1848 (2)1850 (1)1851 (1)1852 (1)1860 (4)1861 (1)1865 (3)1866 (1)1870 (2)1871 (1)1872 (2)1874 (2)1876 (4)1878 (1)1879 (1)1880 (3)1885 (5)1886 (3)1887 (2)1889 (2)1890 (2)1891 (3)1892 (3)1893 (1)1894 (3)1895 (8)1896 (2)1898 (3)1899 (1)1900 (4)1901 (2)1903 (2)1904 (2)1905 (1)1906 (4)1907 (2)1908 (6)1909 (3)1910 (4)1911 (2)1912 (3)1913 (7)1914 (6)1915 (3)1918 (1)1919 (1)1920 (3)1921 (1)1922 (3)1923 (7)1924 (4)1926 (1)1927 (4)1928 (4)1929 (1)1930 (1)1931 (1)1932 (1)1933 (1)1934 (2)1935 (2)1936 (4)1937 (3)1938 (1)1939 (2)1942 (6)1943 (3)1944 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And Altered Experiences (10)Attribution And Judgment Biases (31)Auditory Perception Effects (31)Autobiographical And Childhood Memory (4)Belief Perseverance Effects (4)Body And Self-Perception Effects (7)Body-Focused And Somatic Phenomena (18)Choice And Preference Effects (48)Classical Conditioning Phenomena (13)Confirmation And Belief Biases (7)Confirmation Biases (7)Critical and Sensitive Periods (2)Culture-Bound Syndromes (24)Death, Ghosts and the Supernatural (9)Defense Mechanisms (21)Delusions and Misidentification Syndromes (18)Dream Phenomena (5)Early Childhood Cognitive Concepts (7)Encoding Effects (24)Expectancy and Experimenter Effects (5)Framing And Anchoring Effects (3)Group Dynamics And Conformity Effects (35)Heuristics (16)Heuristics and Mental Shortcuts (7)Infant and Child Social Bonds (10)Interpersonal Perception Effects (11)Language Development in Children (3)Leadership And Workplace Effects (25)Learning Predispositions (3)Mass And Collective Behavior (27)Medical and Body-State Phobias (33)Memory Disorders And Conditions (9)Memory Distortion And False Memory (17)Midlife and Adult Transitions (5)Motion And Depth Perception (35)Motivated Reasoning and Self-Justification (6)Motivational And Emotional States (27)Multisensory And Cross-Modal Effects (2)Named Syndromes And Effects (17)Non-Associative Learning (2)Numbers, Objects and Modern Life Phobias (24)Occupational And Performance Phenomena (12)Operant Conditioning Phenomena (7)Other Clinical Phenomena (79)Other Decision Biases (31)Other Memory Effects (15)Other Psychophysics Effects (20)Other Social Effects (42)Overconfidence and Overestimation Biases (10)Parasomnias (5)Pattern and Streak Illusions (4)Perceptual Disorders (20)Persuasion And Social Influence Techniques (10)Practice and Skill Learning Effects (3)Probability Judgment Fallacies (13)Projection and Transference Processes (5)Psychoanalytic Complexes (10)Questionable Research Practices (2)Recency and Salience Biases (4)Relationship And Social-Emotional Phenomena (13)Repetition and Familiarity Effects (4)Retrieval Effects (43)Risk And Loss Aversion Effects (9)Selection and Sampling Biases (5)Self, Failure and Miscellaneous Phobias (18)Self-Insight and Blind Spot Biases (5)Sex, Intimacy and Body Image Phobias (10)Situational and Environmental Phobias (32)Sleep-Wake Transition States (7)Social And Attribution Biases In Judgment (18)Social and Interpersonal Phobias (21)Stereotyping And Prejudice (18)Subjective Validation Effects (2)Temporal Discounting Effects (5)Time Perception Effects (24)Visual Illusions (87)Waking Altered States (6)Diagnostic ChapterAllAnxiety or Fear-Related Disorders (156)Catatonia (1)Depressive Disorders (1)Disorders Due to Substance Use or Addictive Behaviours (16)Disorders of Bodily Distress or Bodily Experience (4)Disorders Specifically Associated with Stress (6)Dissociative Disorders (11)Factitious Disorders (4)Feeding or Eating Disorders (3)Impulse Control Disorders (1)Neurocognitive Disorders (12)Obsessive-Compulsive or Related Disorders (3)Schizophrenia or Other Primary Psychotic Disorders (25)Secondary Mental or Behavioural Syndromes Associated with Disorders or Diseases Classified Elsewhere (1)Sleep-Wake Disorders (7)Show ResultsBrowseCompareSelect all 100KaroshiClinical and Motivational PhenomenaKatsaridaphobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaKayak AngstClinical and Motivational PhenomenaKewpie Doll EffectDevelopmental PhenomenaKhyal CapClinical and Motivational PhenomenaKindchenschemaSocial Biases and Group EffectsKinesiophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaKinetic Depth EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsKluver-Bucy SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaKnowledge InertiaDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesKoffka RingPerception and Psychophysics EffectsKoro SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaKoumpounophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaKufungisisaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaKuleshov EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsLa Belle IndifferenceClinical and Motivational PhenomenaLady Macbeth EffectClinical and Motivational PhenomenaLatahClinical and Motivational PhenomenaLatent InhibitionLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaLatent LearningLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaLaw of ClosurePerception and Psychophysics EffectsLaw of Common FatePerception and Psychophysics EffectsLaw of ContinuityPerception and Psychophysics EffectsLaw of PragnanzPerception and Psychophysics EffectsLaw of ProximityPerception and Psychophysics EffectsLaw of SimilarityPerception and Psychophysics EffectsLaw of SymmetryPerception and Psychophysics EffectsLaw of the InstrumentDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesLaw of TrivialityClinical and Motivational PhenomenaLawn Dart EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsLeaning Tower IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsLearned HelplessnessClinical and Motivational PhenomenaLearned IndustriousnessClinical and Motivational PhenomenaLearned OptimismClinical and Motivational PhenomenaLepidopterophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaLess-Is-Better EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesLeveling and SharpeningMemory Biases and EffectsLevels of Processing ModelMemory Biases and EffectsLevels-of-Processing EffectMemory Biases and EffectsLexical Bias EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsLibrary AnxietyClinical and Motivational PhenomenaLilac ChaserPerception and Psychophysics EffectsLilapsophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaLima SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaLinguistic Intergroup BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsList-Length EffectMemory Biases and EffectsLittle Emperor SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaLocuraClinical and Motivational PhenomenaLocus of ControlClinical and Motivational PhenomenaLondon SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaLoss AversionDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesLost in the Mall TechniqueMemory Biases and EffectsLovesicknessClinical and Motivational PhenomenaLow Information VoterDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesLow-Ball TechniqueSocial Biases and Group EffectsLucid DreamSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaLucid DreamingSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaLudic FallacyDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesMach BandsPerception and Psychophysics EffectsMad Gasser of MattoonSocial Biases and Group EffectsMageirocophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaMagical ThinkingDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesMalingeringClinical and Motivational PhenomenaMandela EffectMemory Biases and EffectsMandelbaum EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsMartha Mitchell EffectClinical and Motivational PhenomenaMartyr ComplexClinical and Motivational PhenomenaMasked Priming EffectMemory Biases and EffectsMasklophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaMass Psychogenic IllnessSocial Biases and Group EffectsMass Shooting ContagionSocial Biases and Group EffectsMatching LawLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaMatthew EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsMcCollough EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsMcGurk EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsMcNamara FallacyDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesMean World SyndromeSocial Biases and Group EffectsMechanophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaMediated Priming EffectMemory Biases and EffectsMedical Students' DiseaseClinical and Motivational PhenomenaMegalophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaMemory ConformityMemory Biases and EffectsMemory Distrust SyndromeMemory Biases and EffectsMemory HardeningMemory Biases and EffectsMemory InhibitionMemory Biases and EffectsMere Exposure EffectAnchoring and Availability BiasesMere Ownership EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesMessiah ComplexClinical and Motivational PhenomenaMethod of LociMemory Biases and EffectsMichelangelo PhenomenonSocial Biases and Group EffectsMicro-ExpressionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsMicrosleepSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaMicrowave Auditory EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsMidlife CrisisDevelopmental PhenomenaMighty Girl EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsMind-BlindnessDevelopmental PhenomenaMindsetClinical and Motivational PhenomenaMind-WanderingSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaMinimal Group ParadigmSocial Biases and Group EffectsMinimisation (Psychology)Psychoanalytic Defense Mechanisms← Previous1…678910…14Next →Sources1. Wikipedia: Heuristics in Judgment and Decision-Makingtier 2Wikimedia FoundationHeuristics in judgment and decision-making, Tversky and Kahneman sectionQuote, Heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Tversky and Kahneman sectionThis research, called the heuristics-and-biases program, challenged the idea that human beings are rational actors and first gained worldwide attention in 1974 with the Science paper "Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases".View the SourceComments (0)No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.Sign in to join the discussion.Reader Challenges (0)No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.