Home›Psychological Phenomena›All Psychological PhenomenaBrowse ByAll Psychological PhenomenaReference and ClassificationDevelopingPsychological phenomenon entities are the specific, named cognitive and social effects this atlas documents, biases, heuristics and observed patterns of thought and behavior such as confirmation bias, the bystander effect and the sunk cost fallacy, grouped into bands led by Decision-Making and Judgment Biases and Social Biases and Group Effects, drawn from the editorial split used by Wikipedia's own List of cognitive biases article and grown considerably past its founding entries by later mint waves. A phenomenon is a specific documented effect, narrower than a theory, which is the broader explanatory account that may explain several phenomena at once, and narrower than a study, which is the particular research project that first identified or tested one. This band is where a reader browses psychology by its catalogue of named mental shortcuts and their failure modes, the single largest and fastest growing band in the atlas, with comprehensive real world coverage of the field's documented bias and heuristic literature as the ongoing target rather than any fixed list.FactsAll Psychological PhenomenaSourcesComments (0)Reader Challenges (0)FactsComparisonTaxonomy AuthorityWell-attestedTversky and Kahneman heuristics-and-biases research program 1All Psychological PhenomenaFilter Results1,392 entriesBranch of PsychologyAllAbnormal Psychology (273)Anomalistic Psychology (1)Applied Behavior Analysis (2)Behavioral Psychology (32)Biological Psychology (1)Clinical Neuropsychology (1)Clinical Psychology (9)Cognitive Neuroscience (6)Cognitive Psychology (430)Consumer Psychology (9)Criminal Psychology (1)Cross-Cultural Psychology (2)Cyberpsychology (1)Developmental Psychology (19)Educational Psychology (15)Environmental Psychology (3)Evolutionary Psychology (6)Experimental Psychology (13)Forensic Psychology (9)Health Psychology (3)Industrial-Organizational Psychology (16)Media Psychology (3)Moral Psychology (16)Neuropsychology (29)Occupational Health Psychology (1)Parapsychology (6)Pediatric Psychology (1)Personality Psychology (25)Political Psychology (1)Psycholinguistics (12)Psychology of Music (4)Psychology of Religion (2)Psychophysics (20)Quantitative Psychology (3)Social Psychology (104)Sport and Exercise Psychology (4)Phenomenon FamilyAllAddictive And Compulsive Behaviors (24)Adolescent Thinking (3)Affective Forecasting and Self-Prediction Errors (3)Anchoring Effects (2)Animal and Insect Phobias (27)Anomalous And Altered Experiences (10)Attribution And Judgment Biases (31)Auditory Perception Effects (31)Autobiographical And Childhood Memory (4)Belief Perseverance Effects (4)Body And Self-Perception Effects (7)Body-Focused And Somatic Phenomena (18)Choice And Preference Effects (48)Classical Conditioning Phenomena (13)Confirmation And Belief Biases (7)Confirmation Biases (7)Critical and Sensitive Periods (2)Culture-Bound Syndromes (24)Death, Ghosts and the Supernatural (9)Defense Mechanisms (21)Delusions and Misidentification Syndromes (18)Dream Phenomena (5)Early Childhood Cognitive Concepts (7)Encoding Effects (24)Expectancy and Experimenter Effects (5)Framing And Anchoring Effects (3)Group Dynamics And Conformity Effects (35)Heuristics (16)Heuristics and Mental Shortcuts (7)Infant and Child Social Bonds (10)Interpersonal Perception Effects (11)Language Development in Children (3)Leadership And Workplace Effects (25)Learning Predispositions (3)Mass And Collective Behavior (27)Medical and Body-State Phobias (33)Memory Disorders And Conditions (9)Memory Distortion And False Memory (17)Midlife and Adult Transitions (5)Motion And Depth Perception (35)Motivated Reasoning and Self-Justification (6)Motivational And Emotional States (27)Multisensory And Cross-Modal Effects (2)Named Syndromes And Effects (17)Non-Associative Learning (2)Numbers, Objects and Modern Life Phobias (24)Occupational And Performance Phenomena (12)Operant Conditioning Phenomena (7)Other Clinical Phenomena (79)Other Decision Biases (31)Other Memory Effects (15)Other Psychophysics Effects (20)Other Social Effects (42)Overconfidence and Overestimation Biases (10)Parasomnias (5)Pattern and Streak Illusions (4)Perceptual Disorders (20)Persuasion And Social Influence Techniques (10)Practice and Skill Learning Effects (3)Probability Judgment Fallacies (13)Projection and Transference Processes (5)Psychoanalytic Complexes (10)Questionable Research Practices (2)Recency and Salience Biases (4)Relationship And Social-Emotional Phenomena (13)Repetition and Familiarity Effects (4)Retrieval Effects (43)Risk And Loss Aversion Effects (9)Selection and Sampling Biases (5)Self, Failure and Miscellaneous Phobias (18)Self-Insight and Blind Spot Biases (5)Sex, Intimacy and Body Image Phobias (10)Situational and Environmental Phobias (32)Sleep-Wake Transition States (7)Social And Attribution Biases In Judgment (18)Social and Interpersonal Phobias (21)Specific Phobias (174)Stereotyping And Prejudice (18)Subjective Validation Effects (2)Temporal Discounting Effects (5)Time Perception Effects (24)Visual Illusions (87)Waking Altered States (6)Associated PsychologistAllAbraham Maslow (1)Alice Eagly (1)Amos Tversky (13)Anthony Greenwald (1)Bluma Zeigarnik (1)Claude Steele (1)Daniel Kahneman (17)Edward Thorndike (1)Edward Tolman (1)Elizabeth Loftus (4)Elton Mayo (1)Fritz Heider (2)George Miller (1)Harold Kelley (1)Henri Tajfel (1)Hermann Ebbinghaus (6)Ivan Pavlov (4)Jean Piaget (2)Jerome Bruner (1)John Bargh (1)John Bowlby (1)John Darley (1)John W. Berry (1)Konrad Lorenz (1)Lenore Jacobson (1)Leon Festinger (1)Martin Seligman (2)Max Wertheimer (1)Melanie Klein (1)Melvin Lerner (1)Peter Wason (2)Robert Rosenthal (1)Sandra Bem (1)Sigmund Freud (6)Solomon Asch (1)Stanley Milgram (1)Walter Cannon (1)William James (1)First Described EraAll1374 (1)1593 (1)1649 (1)1688 (1)1760 (1)1783 (1)1784 (1)1796 (1)1799 (1)1804 (1)1808 (1)1812 (1)1817 (1)1819 (1)1825 (1)1829 (1)1832 (2)1833 (2)1834 (1)1836 (1)1839 (1)1848 (2)1850 (1)1851 (1)1852 (1)1860 (4)1861 (1)1865 (3)1866 (1)1870 (2)1871 (1)1872 (2)1874 (2)1876 (4)1878 (1)1879 (1)1880 (3)1885 (5)1886 (3)1887 (2)1889 (2)1890 (2)1891 (3)1892 (3)1893 (1)1894 (3)1895 (8)1896 (2)1898 (3)1899 (1)1900 (4)1901 (2)1903 (2)1904 (2)1905 (1)1906 (4)1907 (2)1908 (6)1909 (3)1910 (4)1911 (2)1912 (3)1913 (7)1914 (6)1915 (3)1918 (1)1919 (1)1920 (3)1921 (1)1922 (3)1923 (7)1924 (4)1926 (1)1927 (4)1928 (4)1929 (1)1930 (1)1931 (1)1932 (1)1933 (1)1934 (2)1935 (2)1936 (4)1937 (3)1938 (1)1939 (2)1942 (6)1943 (3)1944 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And Altered Experiences (10)Attribution And Judgment Biases (31)Auditory Perception Effects (31)Autobiographical And Childhood Memory (4)Belief Perseverance Effects (4)Body And Self-Perception Effects (7)Body-Focused And Somatic Phenomena (18)Choice And Preference Effects (48)Classical Conditioning Phenomena (13)Confirmation And Belief Biases (7)Confirmation Biases (7)Critical and Sensitive Periods (2)Culture-Bound Syndromes (24)Death, Ghosts and the Supernatural (9)Defense Mechanisms (21)Delusions and Misidentification Syndromes (18)Dream Phenomena (5)Early Childhood Cognitive Concepts (7)Encoding Effects (24)Expectancy and Experimenter Effects (5)Framing And Anchoring Effects (3)Group Dynamics And Conformity Effects (35)Heuristics (16)Heuristics and Mental Shortcuts (7)Infant and Child Social Bonds (10)Interpersonal Perception Effects (11)Language Development in Children (3)Leadership And Workplace Effects (25)Learning Predispositions (3)Mass And Collective Behavior (27)Medical and Body-State Phobias (33)Memory Disorders And Conditions (9)Memory Distortion And False Memory (17)Midlife and Adult Transitions (5)Motion And Depth Perception (35)Motivated Reasoning and Self-Justification (6)Motivational And Emotional States (27)Multisensory And Cross-Modal Effects (2)Named Syndromes And Effects (17)Non-Associative Learning (2)Numbers, Objects and Modern Life Phobias (24)Occupational And Performance Phenomena (12)Operant Conditioning Phenomena (7)Other Clinical Phenomena (79)Other Decision Biases (31)Other Memory Effects (15)Other Psychophysics Effects (20)Other Social Effects (42)Overconfidence and Overestimation Biases (10)Parasomnias (5)Pattern and Streak Illusions (4)Perceptual Disorders (20)Persuasion And Social Influence Techniques (10)Practice and Skill Learning Effects (3)Probability Judgment Fallacies (13)Projection and Transference Processes (5)Psychoanalytic Complexes (10)Questionable Research Practices (2)Recency and Salience Biases (4)Relationship And Social-Emotional Phenomena (13)Repetition and Familiarity Effects (4)Retrieval Effects (43)Risk And Loss Aversion Effects (9)Selection and Sampling Biases (5)Self, Failure and Miscellaneous Phobias (18)Self-Insight and Blind Spot Biases (5)Sex, Intimacy and Body Image Phobias (10)Situational and Environmental Phobias (32)Sleep-Wake Transition States (7)Social And Attribution Biases In Judgment (18)Social and Interpersonal Phobias (21)Stereotyping And Prejudice (18)Subjective Validation Effects (2)Temporal Discounting Effects (5)Time Perception Effects (24)Visual Illusions (87)Waking Altered States (6)Diagnostic ChapterAllAnxiety or Fear-Related Disorders (156)Catatonia (1)Depressive Disorders (1)Disorders Due to Substance Use or Addictive Behaviours (16)Disorders of Bodily Distress or Bodily Experience (4)Disorders Specifically Associated with Stress (6)Dissociative Disorders (11)Factitious Disorders (4)Feeding or Eating Disorders (3)Impulse Control Disorders (1)Neurocognitive Disorders (12)Obsessive-Compulsive or Related Disorders (3)Schizophrenia or Other Primary Psychotic Disorders (25)Secondary Mental or Behavioural Syndromes Associated with Disorders or Diseases Classified Elsewhere (1)Sleep-Wake Disorders (7)Show ResultsBrowseCompareSelect all 100OstraconophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaOstrich EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesOthello ErrorSocial Biases and Group EffectsOthello SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaOuchi IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsOutcome BiasDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesOutgroup DerogationSocial Biases and Group EffectsOutgroup FavoritismSocial Biases and Group EffectsOut-Group HomogeneitySocial Biases and Group EffectsOutgroup Homogeneity BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsOut-of-Body Experience (Psychology)Perception and Psychophysics EffectsOverchoiceDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesOverconfidence EffectOverconfidence and Self-Assessment BiasesOverimitationDevelopmental PhenomenaOverjustification EffectClinical and Motivational PhenomenaOverlearningLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaOverregularizationDevelopmental PhenomenaOvershadowing (Psychology)Learning and Conditioning PhenomenaOverview EffectClinical and Motivational PhenomenaOvsiankina EffectClinical and Motivational PhenomenaOwn-Age BiasMemory Biases and EffectsPain CatastrophizingClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPalinopsiaPerception and Psychophysics EffectsPanphobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaParallel PlayDevelopmental PhenomenaParcopresisClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPareidoliaDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesParis SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaParkinson's LawClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPartial Reinforcement Extinction EffectLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaParticipation BiasProbability and Statistical Reasoning BiasesPart-List Cueing EffectMemory Biases and EffectsPart-Whole Training EffectLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaParuresisClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPasmaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPassive-AggressionClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPavlovian-Instrumental TransferLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaPeak ExperienceClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPeak Shift EffectLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaPeak-End RuleMemory Biases and EffectsPeer ContagionSocial Biases and Group EffectsPeer PressureSocial Biases and Group EffectsPenrose StairsPerception and Psychophysics EffectsPenrose TrianglePerception and Psychophysics EffectsPerceived Visual AnglePerception and Psychophysics EffectsPerceptual ConstancyPerception and Psychophysics EffectsPerceptual DefensePerception and Psychophysics EffectsPerceptual SetPerception and Psychophysics EffectsPeripheral Drift IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsPerky EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsPerruchet EffectLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaPersecutory DelusionClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPersistence (Memory)Memory Biases and EffectsPersistence of VisionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsPersonal FableDevelopmental PhenomenaPessimism BiasOverconfidence and Self-Assessment BiasesPeter Pan SyndromeDevelopmental PhenomenaPeter PrincipleSocial Biases and Group EffectsP-HackingProbability and Statistical Reasoning BiasesPhagophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPhallophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPhantom LimbPerception and Psychophysics EffectsPhantom Vibration SyndromePerception and Psychophysics EffectsPharmacophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPhasmophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPhi PhenomenonPerception and Psychophysics EffectsPhilophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPhobophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPhonagnosiaPerception and Psychophysics EffectsPhoneme Restoration EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsPhonemic Restoration EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsPhonological Similarity EffectMemory Biases and EffectsPhonophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPhysical Attractiveness StereotypeSocial Biases and Group EffectsPibloktoClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPicture Superiority EffectMemory Biases and EffectsPlacebo EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesPlan Continuation BiasOverconfidence and Self-Assessment BiasesPlanck's PrincipleConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesPlanning FallacyOverconfidence and Self-Assessment BiasesPlant BlindnessDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesPlayStation MentalityClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPluralistic IgnoranceSocial Biases and Group EffectsPoggendorff IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsPogonophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPolitical BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsPollyanna PrincipleDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesPonzo IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsPopobawaSocial Biases and Group EffectsPornography AddictionClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPositive IllusionsOverconfidence and Self-Assessment BiasesPositivity EffectMemory Biases and EffectsPositivity OffsetClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPost-Identification Feedback EffectMemory Biases and EffectsPostponement of AffectPsychoanalytic Defense MechanismsPost-Purchase RationalizationDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesPost-Reinforcement PauseLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaPost-Traumatic GrowthClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPrairie MadnessClinical and Motivational Phenomena← Previous1…89101112…14Next →Sources1. Wikipedia: Heuristics in Judgment and Decision-Makingtier 2Wikimedia FoundationHeuristics in judgment and decision-making, Tversky and Kahneman sectionQuote, Heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Tversky and Kahneman sectionThis research, called the heuristics-and-biases program, challenged the idea that human beings are rational actors and first gained worldwide attention in 1974 with the Science paper "Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases".View the SourceComments (0)No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.Sign in to join the discussion.Reader Challenges (0)No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.