Home›Psychological Phenomena›All Psychological PhenomenaBrowse ByAll Psychological PhenomenaReference and ClassificationDevelopingPsychological phenomenon entities are the specific, named cognitive and social effects this atlas documents, biases, heuristics and observed patterns of thought and behavior such as confirmation bias, the bystander effect and the sunk cost fallacy, grouped into bands led by Decision-Making and Judgment Biases and Social Biases and Group Effects, drawn from the editorial split used by Wikipedia's own List of cognitive biases article and grown considerably past its founding entries by later mint waves. A phenomenon is a specific documented effect, narrower than a theory, which is the broader explanatory account that may explain several phenomena at once, and narrower than a study, which is the particular research project that first identified or tested one. This band is where a reader browses psychology by its catalogue of named mental shortcuts and their failure modes, the single largest and fastest growing band in the atlas, with comprehensive real world coverage of the field's documented bias and heuristic literature as the ongoing target rather than any fixed list.FactsAll Psychological PhenomenaSourcesComments (0)Reader Challenges (0)FactsComparisonTaxonomy AuthorityWell-attestedTversky and Kahneman heuristics-and-biases research program 1All Psychological PhenomenaFilter Results1,392 entriesBranch of PsychologyAllAbnormal Psychology (273)Anomalistic Psychology (1)Applied Behavior Analysis (2)Behavioral Psychology (32)Biological Psychology (1)Clinical Neuropsychology (1)Clinical Psychology (9)Cognitive Neuroscience (6)Cognitive Psychology (430)Consumer Psychology (9)Criminal Psychology (1)Cross-Cultural Psychology (2)Cyberpsychology (1)Developmental Psychology (19)Educational Psychology (15)Environmental Psychology (3)Evolutionary Psychology (6)Experimental Psychology (13)Forensic Psychology (9)Health Psychology (3)Industrial-Organizational Psychology (16)Media Psychology (3)Moral Psychology (16)Neuropsychology (29)Occupational Health Psychology (1)Parapsychology (6)Pediatric Psychology (1)Personality Psychology (25)Political Psychology (1)Psycholinguistics (12)Psychology of Music (4)Psychology of Religion (2)Psychophysics (20)Quantitative Psychology (3)Social Psychology (104)Sport and Exercise Psychology (4)Phenomenon FamilyAllAddictive And Compulsive Behaviors (24)Adolescent Thinking (3)Affective Forecasting and Self-Prediction Errors (3)Anchoring Effects (2)Animal and Insect Phobias (27)Anomalous And Altered Experiences (10)Attribution And Judgment Biases (31)Auditory Perception Effects (31)Autobiographical And Childhood Memory (4)Belief Perseverance Effects (4)Body And Self-Perception Effects (7)Body-Focused And Somatic Phenomena (18)Choice And Preference Effects (48)Classical Conditioning Phenomena (13)Confirmation And Belief Biases (7)Confirmation Biases (7)Critical and Sensitive Periods (2)Culture-Bound Syndromes (24)Death, Ghosts and the Supernatural (9)Defense Mechanisms (21)Delusions and Misidentification Syndromes (18)Dream Phenomena (5)Early Childhood Cognitive Concepts (7)Encoding Effects (24)Expectancy and Experimenter Effects (5)Framing And Anchoring Effects (3)Group Dynamics And Conformity Effects (35)Heuristics (16)Heuristics and Mental Shortcuts (7)Infant and Child Social Bonds (10)Interpersonal Perception Effects (11)Language Development in Children (3)Leadership And Workplace Effects (25)Learning Predispositions (3)Mass And Collective Behavior (27)Medical and Body-State Phobias (33)Memory Disorders And Conditions (9)Memory Distortion And False Memory (17)Midlife and Adult Transitions (5)Motion And Depth Perception (35)Motivated Reasoning and Self-Justification (6)Motivational And Emotional States (27)Multisensory And Cross-Modal Effects (2)Named Syndromes And Effects (17)Non-Associative Learning (2)Numbers, Objects and Modern Life Phobias (24)Occupational And Performance Phenomena (12)Operant Conditioning Phenomena (7)Other Clinical Phenomena (79)Other Decision Biases (31)Other Memory Effects (15)Other Psychophysics Effects (20)Other Social Effects (42)Overconfidence and Overestimation Biases (10)Parasomnias (5)Pattern and Streak Illusions (4)Perceptual Disorders (20)Persuasion And Social Influence Techniques (10)Practice and Skill Learning Effects (3)Probability Judgment Fallacies (13)Projection and Transference Processes (5)Psychoanalytic Complexes (10)Questionable Research Practices (2)Recency and Salience Biases (4)Relationship And Social-Emotional Phenomena (13)Repetition and Familiarity Effects (4)Retrieval Effects (43)Risk And Loss Aversion Effects (9)Selection and Sampling Biases (5)Self, Failure and Miscellaneous Phobias (18)Self-Insight and Blind Spot Biases (5)Sex, Intimacy and Body Image Phobias (10)Situational and Environmental Phobias (32)Sleep-Wake Transition States (7)Social And Attribution Biases In Judgment (18)Social and Interpersonal Phobias (21)Specific Phobias (174)Stereotyping And Prejudice (18)Subjective Validation Effects (2)Temporal Discounting Effects (5)Time Perception Effects (24)Visual Illusions (87)Waking Altered States (6)Associated PsychologistAllAbraham Maslow (1)Alice Eagly (1)Amos Tversky (13)Anthony Greenwald (1)Bluma Zeigarnik (1)Claude Steele (1)Daniel Kahneman (17)Edward Thorndike (1)Edward Tolman (1)Elizabeth Loftus (4)Elton Mayo (1)Fritz Heider (2)George Miller (1)Harold Kelley (1)Henri Tajfel (1)Hermann Ebbinghaus (6)Ivan Pavlov (4)Jean Piaget (2)Jerome Bruner (1)John Bargh (1)John Bowlby (1)John Darley (1)John W. Berry (1)Konrad Lorenz (1)Lenore Jacobson (1)Leon Festinger (1)Martin Seligman (2)Max Wertheimer (1)Melanie Klein (1)Melvin Lerner (1)Peter Wason (2)Robert Rosenthal (1)Sandra Bem (1)Sigmund Freud (6)Solomon Asch (1)Stanley Milgram (1)Walter Cannon (1)William James (1)First Described EraAll1374 (1)1593 (1)1649 (1)1688 (1)1760 (1)1783 (1)1784 (1)1796 (1)1799 (1)1804 (1)1808 (1)1812 (1)1817 (1)1819 (1)1825 (1)1829 (1)1832 (2)1833 (2)1834 (1)1836 (1)1839 (1)1848 (2)1850 (1)1851 (1)1852 (1)1860 (4)1861 (1)1865 (3)1866 (1)1870 (2)1871 (1)1872 (2)1874 (2)1876 (4)1878 (1)1879 (1)1880 (3)1885 (5)1886 (3)1887 (2)1889 (2)1890 (2)1891 (3)1892 (3)1893 (1)1894 (3)1895 (8)1896 (2)1898 (3)1899 (1)1900 (4)1901 (2)1903 (2)1904 (2)1905 (1)1906 (4)1907 (2)1908 (6)1909 (3)1910 (4)1911 (2)1912 (3)1913 (7)1914 (6)1915 (3)1918 (1)1919 (1)1920 (3)1921 (1)1922 (3)1923 (7)1924 (4)1926 (1)1927 (4)1928 (4)1929 (1)1930 (1)1931 (1)1932 (1)1933 (1)1934 (2)1935 (2)1936 (4)1937 (3)1938 (1)1939 (2)1942 (6)1943 (3)1944 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And Altered Experiences (10)Attribution And Judgment Biases (31)Auditory Perception Effects (31)Autobiographical And Childhood Memory (4)Belief Perseverance Effects (4)Body And Self-Perception Effects (7)Body-Focused And Somatic Phenomena (18)Choice And Preference Effects (48)Classical Conditioning Phenomena (13)Confirmation And Belief Biases (7)Confirmation Biases (7)Critical and Sensitive Periods (2)Culture-Bound Syndromes (24)Death, Ghosts and the Supernatural (9)Defense Mechanisms (21)Delusions and Misidentification Syndromes (18)Dream Phenomena (5)Early Childhood Cognitive Concepts (7)Encoding Effects (24)Expectancy and Experimenter Effects (5)Framing And Anchoring Effects (3)Group Dynamics And Conformity Effects (35)Heuristics (16)Heuristics and Mental Shortcuts (7)Infant and Child Social Bonds (10)Interpersonal Perception Effects (11)Language Development in Children (3)Leadership And Workplace Effects (25)Learning Predispositions (3)Mass And Collective Behavior (27)Medical and Body-State Phobias (33)Memory Disorders And Conditions (9)Memory Distortion And False Memory (17)Midlife and Adult Transitions (5)Motion And Depth Perception (35)Motivated Reasoning and Self-Justification (6)Motivational And Emotional States (27)Multisensory And Cross-Modal Effects (2)Named Syndromes And Effects (17)Non-Associative Learning (2)Numbers, Objects and Modern Life Phobias (24)Occupational And Performance Phenomena (12)Operant Conditioning Phenomena (7)Other Clinical Phenomena (79)Other Decision Biases (31)Other Memory Effects (15)Other Psychophysics Effects (20)Other Social Effects (42)Overconfidence and Overestimation Biases (10)Parasomnias (5)Pattern and Streak Illusions (4)Perceptual Disorders (20)Persuasion And Social Influence Techniques (10)Practice and Skill Learning Effects (3)Probability Judgment Fallacies (13)Projection and Transference Processes (5)Psychoanalytic Complexes (10)Questionable Research Practices (2)Recency and Salience Biases (4)Relationship And Social-Emotional Phenomena (13)Repetition and Familiarity Effects (4)Retrieval Effects (43)Risk And Loss Aversion Effects (9)Selection and Sampling Biases (5)Self, Failure and Miscellaneous Phobias (18)Self-Insight and Blind Spot Biases (5)Sex, Intimacy and Body Image Phobias (10)Situational and Environmental Phobias (32)Sleep-Wake Transition States (7)Social And Attribution Biases In Judgment (18)Social and Interpersonal Phobias (21)Stereotyping And Prejudice (18)Subjective Validation Effects (2)Temporal Discounting Effects (5)Time Perception Effects (24)Visual Illusions (87)Waking Altered States (6)Diagnostic ChapterAllAnxiety or Fear-Related Disorders (156)Catatonia (1)Depressive Disorders (1)Disorders Due to Substance Use or Addictive Behaviours (16)Disorders of Bodily Distress or Bodily Experience (4)Disorders Specifically Associated with Stress (6)Dissociative Disorders (11)Factitious Disorders (4)Feeding or Eating Disorders (3)Impulse Control Disorders (1)Neurocognitive Disorders (12)Obsessive-Compulsive or Related Disorders (3)Schizophrenia or Other Primary Psychotic Disorders (25)Secondary Mental or Behavioural Syndromes Associated with Disorders or Diseases Classified Elsewhere (1)Sleep-Wake Disorders (7)Show ResultsBrowseCompareSelect all 100Pratfall EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsPrecedence EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsPrecision BiasOverconfidence and Self-Assessment BiasesPreferential Looking ParadigmDevelopmental PhenomenaPremack's PrincipleLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaPreparedness (Learning)Learning and Conditioning PhenomenaPreparedness ParadoxDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesPresent BiasDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesPresenteeismClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPresque VuMemory Biases and EffectsPretty PrivilegeSocial Biases and Group EffectsPrevalence EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsPrimacy EffectMemory Biases and EffectsPriming (Psychology)Memory Biases and EffectsPrincess SicknessClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPrinciples of GroupingPerception and Psychophysics EffectsProactive InterferenceMemory Biases and EffectsPro-AnaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaProbability MatchingProbability and Statistical Reasoning BiasesProblem GamblingClinical and Motivational PhenomenaProblematic Social Media UseClinical and Motivational PhenomenaProduction BlockingSocial Biases and Group EffectsPro-Innovation BiasDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesProjection (Psychology)Psychoanalytic Defense MechanismsProjection BiasDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesProjective IdentificationPsychoanalytic Defense MechanismsProportionality BiasDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesProsopagnosiaPerception and Psychophysics EffectsProsopometamorphopsiaPerception and Psychophysics EffectsProteus EffectClinical and Motivational PhenomenaProust EffectMemory Biases and EffectsProximity BiasDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesPseudocertainty EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesPseudocyesisClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPseudodysphagiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPseudoneglectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsPseudophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPseudoskepticismConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesPsychedelic SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPsychic NumbingClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPsychical InertiaPsychoanalytic Defense MechanismsPsychological ContractClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPsychological InertiaDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesPsychological PricingDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesPsychological ReactanceClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPsychological Refractory PeriodPerception and Psychophysics EffectsPsychology of Climate Change DenialConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesPublication BiasConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesPulfrich EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsPuppy Pregnancy SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPuritanical BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsPurity SpiralSocial Biases and Group EffectsPurkinje EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsPygmalion EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsPyrophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaPyrrhic Defeat TheorySocial Biases and Group EffectsQigong Psychotic ReactionClinical and Motivational PhenomenaQueen Bee SyndromeSocial Biases and Group EffectsRadiophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaRanschburg EffectMemory Biases and EffectsRashomon EffectMemory Biases and EffectsRationalization (Psychology)Psychoanalytic Defense MechanismsReactanceDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesReaction FormationPsychoanalytic Defense MechanismsReactive Attachment DisorderClinical and Motivational PhenomenaReactive DevaluationSocial Biases and Group EffectsRecall BiasMemory Biases and EffectsRecency BiasAnchoring and Availability BiasesRecency EffectMemory Biases and EffectsRecency IllusionAnchoring and Availability BiasesReciprocity (Social Psychology)Social Biases and Group EffectsReciprocity BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsRecognition HeuristicAnchoring and Availability BiasesRed Dress EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsReduplicative ParamnesiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaRegion-Beta ParadoxClinical and Motivational PhenomenaRegression (Psychology)Psychoanalytic Defense MechanismsRegression FallacyProbability and Statistical Reasoning BiasesRegression Toward the MeanProbability and Statistical Reasoning BiasesRegret AversionDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesReificationPerception and Psychophysics EffectsReinstatement (Conditioning)Learning and Conditioning PhenomenaREM ReboundSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaReminiscence BumpMemory Biases and EffectsReminiscence Effect (Motor Learning)Learning and Conditioning PhenomenaRenewal Effect (Conditioning)Learning and Conditioning PhenomenaRepeating Pattern IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsRepetition BlindnessMemory Biases and EffectsRepetition PrimingMemory Biases and EffectsRepresentativeness HeuristicProbability and Statistical Reasoning BiasesRepression (Psychoanalysis)Psychoanalytic Defense MechanismsResignation SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaResilience (Psychology)Clinical and Motivational PhenomenaResponse BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsRestraint BiasOverconfidence and Self-Assessment BiasesRetired Husband SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaRetrieval-Induced ForgettingMemory Biases and EffectsRetroactive InterferenceMemory Biases and EffectsRhyme-as-Reason EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesRingelmann EffectSocial Biases and Group Effects← Previous1…91011121314Next →Sources1. Wikipedia: Heuristics in Judgment and Decision-Makingtier 2Wikimedia FoundationHeuristics in judgment and decision-making, Tversky and Kahneman sectionQuote, Heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Tversky and Kahneman sectionThis research, called the heuristics-and-biases program, challenged the idea that human beings are rational actors and first gained worldwide attention in 1974 with the Science paper "Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases".View the SourceComments (0)No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.Sign in to join the discussion.Reader Challenges (0)No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.