Home›Psychological Phenomena›All Psychological PhenomenaBrowse ByAll Psychological PhenomenaReference and ClassificationDevelopingPsychological phenomenon entities are the specific, named cognitive and social effects this atlas documents, biases, heuristics and observed patterns of thought and behavior such as confirmation bias, the bystander effect and the sunk cost fallacy, grouped into bands led by Decision-Making and Judgment Biases and Social Biases and Group Effects, drawn from the editorial split used by Wikipedia's own List of cognitive biases article and grown considerably past its founding entries by later mint waves. A phenomenon is a specific documented effect, narrower than a theory, which is the broader explanatory account that may explain several phenomena at once, and narrower than a study, which is the particular research project that first identified or tested one. This band is where a reader browses psychology by its catalogue of named mental shortcuts and their failure modes, the single largest and fastest growing band in the atlas, with comprehensive real world coverage of the field's documented bias and heuristic literature as the ongoing target rather than any fixed list.FactsAll Psychological PhenomenaSourcesComments (0)Reader Challenges (0)FactsComparisonTaxonomy AuthorityWell-attestedTversky and Kahneman heuristics-and-biases research program 1All Psychological PhenomenaFilter Results1,392 entriesBranch of PsychologyAllAbnormal Psychology (273)Anomalistic Psychology (1)Applied Behavior Analysis (2)Behavioral Psychology (32)Biological Psychology (1)Clinical Neuropsychology (1)Clinical Psychology (9)Cognitive Neuroscience (6)Cognitive Psychology (430)Consumer Psychology (9)Criminal Psychology (1)Cross-Cultural Psychology (2)Cyberpsychology (1)Developmental Psychology (19)Educational Psychology (15)Environmental Psychology (3)Evolutionary Psychology (6)Experimental Psychology (13)Forensic Psychology (9)Health Psychology (3)Industrial-Organizational Psychology (16)Media Psychology (3)Moral Psychology (16)Neuropsychology (29)Occupational Health Psychology (1)Parapsychology (6)Pediatric Psychology (1)Personality Psychology (25)Political Psychology (1)Psycholinguistics (12)Psychology of Music (4)Psychology of Religion (2)Psychophysics (20)Quantitative Psychology (3)Social Psychology (104)Sport and Exercise Psychology (4)Phenomenon FamilyAllAddictive And Compulsive Behaviors (24)Adolescent Thinking (3)Affective Forecasting and Self-Prediction Errors (3)Anchoring Effects (2)Animal and Insect Phobias (27)Anomalous And Altered Experiences (10)Attribution And Judgment Biases (31)Auditory Perception Effects (31)Autobiographical And Childhood Memory (4)Belief Perseverance Effects (4)Body And Self-Perception Effects (7)Body-Focused And Somatic Phenomena (18)Choice And Preference Effects (48)Classical Conditioning Phenomena (13)Confirmation And Belief Biases (7)Confirmation Biases (7)Critical and Sensitive Periods (2)Culture-Bound Syndromes (24)Death, Ghosts and the Supernatural (9)Defense Mechanisms (21)Delusions and Misidentification Syndromes (18)Dream Phenomena (5)Early Childhood Cognitive Concepts (7)Encoding Effects (24)Expectancy and Experimenter Effects (5)Framing And Anchoring Effects (3)Group Dynamics And Conformity Effects (35)Heuristics (16)Heuristics and Mental Shortcuts (7)Infant and Child Social Bonds (10)Interpersonal Perception Effects (11)Language Development in Children (3)Leadership And Workplace Effects (25)Learning Predispositions (3)Mass And Collective Behavior (27)Medical and Body-State Phobias (33)Memory Disorders And Conditions (9)Memory Distortion And False Memory (17)Midlife and Adult Transitions (5)Motion And Depth Perception (35)Motivated Reasoning and Self-Justification (6)Motivational And Emotional States (27)Multisensory And Cross-Modal Effects (2)Named Syndromes And Effects (17)Non-Associative Learning (2)Numbers, Objects and Modern Life Phobias (24)Occupational And Performance Phenomena (12)Operant Conditioning Phenomena (7)Other Clinical Phenomena (79)Other Decision Biases (31)Other Memory Effects (15)Other Psychophysics Effects (20)Other Social Effects (42)Overconfidence and Overestimation Biases (10)Parasomnias (5)Pattern and Streak Illusions (4)Perceptual Disorders (20)Persuasion And Social Influence Techniques (10)Practice and Skill Learning Effects (3)Probability Judgment Fallacies (13)Projection and Transference Processes (5)Psychoanalytic Complexes (10)Questionable Research Practices (2)Recency and Salience Biases (4)Relationship And Social-Emotional Phenomena (13)Repetition and Familiarity Effects (4)Retrieval Effects (43)Risk And Loss Aversion Effects (9)Selection and Sampling Biases (5)Self, Failure and Miscellaneous Phobias (18)Self-Insight and Blind Spot Biases (5)Sex, Intimacy and Body Image Phobias (10)Situational and Environmental Phobias (32)Sleep-Wake Transition States (7)Social And Attribution Biases In Judgment (18)Social and Interpersonal Phobias (21)Specific Phobias (174)Stereotyping And Prejudice (18)Subjective Validation Effects (2)Temporal Discounting Effects (5)Time Perception Effects (24)Visual Illusions (87)Waking Altered States (6)Associated PsychologistAllAbraham Maslow (1)Alice Eagly (1)Amos Tversky (13)Anthony Greenwald (1)Bluma Zeigarnik (1)Claude Steele (1)Daniel Kahneman (17)Edward Thorndike (1)Edward Tolman (1)Elizabeth Loftus (4)Elton Mayo (1)Fritz Heider (2)George Miller (1)Harold Kelley (1)Henri Tajfel (1)Hermann Ebbinghaus (6)Ivan Pavlov (4)Jean Piaget (2)Jerome Bruner (1)John Bargh (1)John Bowlby (1)John Darley (1)John W. Berry (1)Konrad Lorenz (1)Lenore Jacobson (1)Leon Festinger (1)Martin Seligman (2)Max Wertheimer (1)Melanie Klein (1)Melvin Lerner (1)Peter Wason (2)Robert Rosenthal (1)Sandra Bem (1)Sigmund Freud (6)Solomon Asch (1)Stanley Milgram (1)Walter Cannon (1)William James (1)First Described EraAll1374 (1)1593 (1)1649 (1)1688 (1)1760 (1)1783 (1)1784 (1)1796 (1)1799 (1)1804 (1)1808 (1)1812 (1)1817 (1)1819 (1)1825 (1)1829 (1)1832 (2)1833 (2)1834 (1)1836 (1)1839 (1)1848 (2)1850 (1)1851 (1)1852 (1)1860 (4)1861 (1)1865 (3)1866 (1)1870 (2)1871 (1)1872 (2)1874 (2)1876 (4)1878 (1)1879 (1)1880 (3)1885 (5)1886 (3)1887 (2)1889 (2)1890 (2)1891 (3)1892 (3)1893 (1)1894 (3)1895 (8)1896 (2)1898 (3)1899 (1)1900 (4)1901 (2)1903 (2)1904 (2)1905 (1)1906 (4)1907 (2)1908 (6)1909 (3)1910 (4)1911 (2)1912 (3)1913 (7)1914 (6)1915 (3)1918 (1)1919 (1)1920 (3)1921 (1)1922 (3)1923 (7)1924 (4)1926 (1)1927 (4)1928 (4)1929 (1)1930 (1)1931 (1)1932 (1)1933 (1)1934 (2)1935 (2)1936 (4)1937 (3)1938 (1)1939 (2)1942 (6)1943 (3)1944 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And Altered Experiences (10)Attribution And Judgment Biases (31)Auditory Perception Effects (31)Autobiographical And Childhood Memory (4)Belief Perseverance Effects (4)Body And Self-Perception Effects (7)Body-Focused And Somatic Phenomena (18)Choice And Preference Effects (48)Classical Conditioning Phenomena (13)Confirmation And Belief Biases (7)Confirmation Biases (7)Critical and Sensitive Periods (2)Culture-Bound Syndromes (24)Death, Ghosts and the Supernatural (9)Defense Mechanisms (21)Delusions and Misidentification Syndromes (18)Dream Phenomena (5)Early Childhood Cognitive Concepts (7)Encoding Effects (24)Expectancy and Experimenter Effects (5)Framing And Anchoring Effects (3)Group Dynamics And Conformity Effects (35)Heuristics (16)Heuristics and Mental Shortcuts (7)Infant and Child Social Bonds (10)Interpersonal Perception Effects (11)Language Development in Children (3)Leadership And Workplace Effects (25)Learning Predispositions (3)Mass And Collective Behavior (27)Medical and Body-State Phobias (33)Memory Disorders And Conditions (9)Memory Distortion And False Memory (17)Midlife and Adult Transitions (5)Motion And Depth Perception (35)Motivated Reasoning and Self-Justification (6)Motivational And Emotional States (27)Multisensory And Cross-Modal Effects (2)Named Syndromes And Effects (17)Non-Associative Learning (2)Numbers, Objects and Modern Life Phobias (24)Occupational And Performance Phenomena (12)Operant Conditioning Phenomena (7)Other Clinical Phenomena (79)Other Decision Biases (31)Other Memory Effects (15)Other Psychophysics Effects (20)Other Social Effects (42)Overconfidence and Overestimation Biases (10)Parasomnias (5)Pattern and Streak Illusions (4)Perceptual Disorders (20)Persuasion And Social Influence Techniques (10)Practice and Skill Learning Effects (3)Probability Judgment Fallacies (13)Projection and Transference Processes (5)Psychoanalytic Complexes (10)Questionable Research Practices (2)Recency and Salience Biases (4)Relationship And Social-Emotional Phenomena (13)Repetition and Familiarity Effects (4)Retrieval Effects (43)Risk And Loss Aversion Effects (9)Selection and Sampling Biases (5)Self, Failure and Miscellaneous Phobias (18)Self-Insight and Blind Spot Biases (5)Sex, Intimacy and Body Image Phobias (10)Situational and Environmental Phobias (32)Sleep-Wake Transition States (7)Social And Attribution Biases In Judgment (18)Social and Interpersonal Phobias (21)Stereotyping And Prejudice (18)Subjective Validation Effects (2)Temporal Discounting Effects (5)Time Perception Effects (24)Visual Illusions (87)Waking Altered States (6)Diagnostic ChapterAllAnxiety or Fear-Related Disorders (156)Catatonia (1)Depressive Disorders (1)Disorders Due to Substance Use or Addictive Behaviours (16)Disorders of Bodily Distress or Bodily Experience (4)Disorders Specifically Associated with Stress (6)Dissociative Disorders (11)Factitious Disorders (4)Feeding or Eating Disorders (3)Impulse Control Disorders (1)Neurocognitive Disorders (12)Obsessive-Compulsive or Related Disorders (3)Schizophrenia or Other Primary Psychotic Disorders (25)Secondary Mental or Behavioural Syndromes Associated with Disorders or Diseases Classified Elsewhere (1)Sleep-Wake Disorders (7)Show ResultsBrowseCompareSelect all 100Risk CompensationDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesRisky ShiftSocial Biases and Group EffectsRomeo and Juliet EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsRorschach TestClinical and Motivational PhenomenaRosy RetrospectionMemory Biases and EffectsRotating Snakes IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsRubber Hand IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsRubin VasePerception and Psychophysics EffectsRuminationClinical and Motivational PhenomenaRunner's HighClinical and Motivational PhenomenaSafety Behaviors (Anxiety)Clinical and Motivational PhenomenaSalience BiasAnchoring and Availability BiasesSander IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsSandwich GenerationDevelopmental PhenomenaSangue DormidoClinical and Motivational PhenomenaSatisfaction ParadoxDevelopmental PhenomenaSavant SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaSavior ComplexClinical and Motivational PhenomenaScaffolding (Psychology)Developmental PhenomenaScarcity (Social Psychology)Decision-Making and Judgment BiasesSchadenfreudeSocial Biases and Group EffectsScope NeglectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesScopophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaScrooge EffectClinical and Motivational PhenomenaScrupulosityClinical and Motivational PhenomenaSeattle Windshield Pitting EpidemicSocial Biases and Group EffectsSecond-Order ConditioningLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaSecure AttachmentDevelopmental PhenomenaSelection BiasProbability and Statistical Reasoning BiasesSelective AmnesiaMemory Biases and EffectsSelective OmissionMemory Biases and EffectsSelective PerceptionConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesSelf-DeceptionClinical and Motivational PhenomenaSelf-Defeating ProphecyDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesSelf-Fulfilling ProphecySocial Biases and Group EffectsSelf-HandicappingClinical and Motivational PhenomenaSelf-LicensingDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesSelf-PersuasionClinical and Motivational PhenomenaSelf-PropagandaConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesSelf-Reference EffectMemory Biases and EffectsSelf-Referential EncodingMemory Biases and EffectsSelf-Serving BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsSemantic PrimingMemory Biases and EffectsSemantic SatiationPerception and Psychophysics EffectsSemmelweis ReflexConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesSensitive PeriodDevelopmental PhenomenaSensitizationLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaSensorimotor StageDevelopmental PhenomenaSensory AdaptationPerception and Psychophysics EffectsSensory PreconditioningLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaSeparation AnxietyDevelopmental PhenomenaSerial Position EffectMemory Biases and EffectsSexophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaSexual AddictionClinical and Motivational PhenomenaSexual Overperception BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsSexual Underperception BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsShaping (Psychology)Learning and Conditioning PhenomenaShared Information BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsShenkuiClinical and Motivational PhenomenaShepard TablesPerception and Psychophysics EffectsShepard TonePerception and Psychophysics EffectsShooting BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsShopping AddictionClinical and Motivational PhenomenaSiderodromophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaSimon EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsSimulation HeuristicAnchoring and Availability BiasesSimultanagnosiaPerception and Psychophysics EffectsSinbyeongClinical and Motivational PhenomenaSize-Weight IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsSleep InertiaSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaSleep ParalysisSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaSleeper EffectMemory Biases and EffectsSleepwalkingSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaSlip of the TonguePerception and Psychophysics EffectsSlow-to-Warm-Up TemperamentDevelopmental PhenomenaSnackWell EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesSnapchat DysmorphiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaSnob EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesSocial AmnesiaMemory Biases and EffectsSocial Comparison BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsSocial ContagionSocial Biases and Group EffectsSocial CryptomnesiaMemory Biases and EffectsSocial Desirability BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsSocial FacilitationSocial Biases and Group EffectsSocial InertiaSocial Biases and Group EffectsSocial Influence BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsSocial LoafingSocial Biases and Group EffectsSocial PerceptionSocial Biases and Group EffectsSocial ProjectionSocial Biases and Group EffectsSocial ProofSocial Biases and Group EffectsSocial ReferencingDevelopmental PhenomenaSocial RejectionSocial Biases and Group EffectsSocial SmileDevelopmental PhenomenaSocial UnderminingSocial Biases and Group EffectsSolo StatusSocial Biases and Group EffectsSomatizationClinical and Motivational PhenomenaSomatoparaphreniaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaSomnambulismSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaSomniloquySleep and Consciousness PhenomenaSoul WanderingClinical and Motivational Phenomena← Previous1…1011121314Next →Sources1. Wikipedia: Heuristics in Judgment and Decision-Makingtier 2Wikimedia FoundationHeuristics in judgment and decision-making, Tversky and Kahneman sectionQuote, Heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Tversky and Kahneman sectionThis research, called the heuristics-and-biases program, challenged the idea that human beings are rational actors and first gained worldwide attention in 1974 with the Science paper "Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases".View the SourceComments (0)No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.Sign in to join the discussion.Reader Challenges (0)No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.