Home›Psychological Phenomena›All Psychological PhenomenaBrowse ByAll Psychological PhenomenaReference and ClassificationDevelopingPsychological phenomenon entities are the specific, named cognitive and social effects this atlas documents, biases, heuristics and observed patterns of thought and behavior such as confirmation bias, the bystander effect and the sunk cost fallacy, grouped into bands led by Decision-Making and Judgment Biases and Social Biases and Group Effects, drawn from the editorial split used by Wikipedia's own List of cognitive biases article and grown considerably past its founding entries by later mint waves. A phenomenon is a specific documented effect, narrower than a theory, which is the broader explanatory account that may explain several phenomena at once, and narrower than a study, which is the particular research project that first identified or tested one. This band is where a reader browses psychology by its catalogue of named mental shortcuts and their failure modes, the single largest and fastest growing band in the atlas, with comprehensive real world coverage of the field's documented bias and heuristic literature as the ongoing target rather than any fixed list.FactsAll Psychological PhenomenaSourcesComments (0)Reader Challenges (0)FactsComparisonTaxonomy AuthorityWell-attestedTversky and Kahneman heuristics-and-biases research program 1All Psychological PhenomenaFilter Results1,392 entriesBranch of PsychologyAllAbnormal Psychology (273)Anomalistic Psychology (1)Applied Behavior Analysis (2)Behavioral Psychology (32)Biological Psychology (1)Clinical Neuropsychology (1)Clinical Psychology (9)Cognitive Neuroscience (6)Cognitive Psychology (430)Consumer Psychology (9)Criminal Psychology (1)Cross-Cultural Psychology (2)Cyberpsychology (1)Developmental Psychology (19)Educational Psychology (15)Environmental Psychology (3)Evolutionary Psychology (6)Experimental Psychology (13)Forensic Psychology (9)Health Psychology (3)Industrial-Organizational Psychology (16)Media Psychology (3)Moral Psychology (16)Neuropsychology (29)Occupational Health Psychology (1)Parapsychology (6)Pediatric Psychology (1)Personality Psychology (25)Political Psychology (1)Psycholinguistics (12)Psychology of Music (4)Psychology of Religion (2)Psychophysics (20)Quantitative Psychology (3)Social Psychology (104)Sport and Exercise Psychology (4)Phenomenon FamilyAllAddictive And Compulsive Behaviors (24)Adolescent Thinking (3)Affective Forecasting and Self-Prediction Errors (3)Anchoring Effects (2)Animal and Insect Phobias (27)Anomalous And Altered Experiences (10)Attribution And Judgment Biases (31)Auditory Perception Effects (31)Autobiographical And Childhood Memory (4)Belief Perseverance Effects (4)Body And Self-Perception Effects (7)Body-Focused And Somatic Phenomena (18)Choice And Preference Effects (48)Classical Conditioning Phenomena (13)Confirmation And Belief Biases (7)Confirmation Biases (7)Critical and Sensitive Periods (2)Culture-Bound Syndromes (24)Death, Ghosts and the Supernatural (9)Defense Mechanisms (21)Delusions and Misidentification Syndromes (18)Dream Phenomena (5)Early Childhood Cognitive Concepts (7)Encoding Effects (24)Expectancy and Experimenter Effects (5)Framing And Anchoring Effects (3)Group Dynamics And Conformity Effects (35)Heuristics (16)Heuristics and Mental Shortcuts (7)Infant and Child Social Bonds (10)Interpersonal Perception Effects (11)Language Development in Children (3)Leadership And Workplace Effects (25)Learning Predispositions (3)Mass And Collective Behavior (27)Medical and Body-State Phobias (33)Memory Disorders And Conditions (9)Memory Distortion And False Memory (17)Midlife and Adult Transitions (5)Motion And Depth Perception (35)Motivated Reasoning and Self-Justification (6)Motivational And Emotional States (27)Multisensory And Cross-Modal Effects (2)Named Syndromes And Effects (17)Non-Associative Learning (2)Numbers, Objects and Modern Life Phobias (24)Occupational And Performance Phenomena (12)Operant Conditioning Phenomena (7)Other Clinical Phenomena (79)Other Decision Biases (31)Other Memory Effects (15)Other Psychophysics Effects (20)Other Social Effects (42)Overconfidence and Overestimation Biases (10)Parasomnias (5)Pattern and Streak Illusions (4)Perceptual Disorders (20)Persuasion And Social Influence Techniques (10)Practice and Skill Learning Effects (3)Probability Judgment Fallacies (13)Projection and Transference Processes (5)Psychoanalytic Complexes (10)Questionable Research Practices (2)Recency and Salience Biases (4)Relationship And Social-Emotional Phenomena (13)Repetition and Familiarity Effects (4)Retrieval Effects (43)Risk And Loss Aversion Effects (9)Selection and Sampling Biases (5)Self, Failure and Miscellaneous Phobias (18)Self-Insight and Blind Spot Biases (5)Sex, Intimacy and Body Image Phobias (10)Situational and Environmental Phobias (32)Sleep-Wake Transition States (7)Social And Attribution Biases In Judgment (18)Social and Interpersonal Phobias (21)Specific Phobias (174)Stereotyping And Prejudice (18)Subjective Validation Effects (2)Temporal Discounting Effects (5)Time Perception Effects (24)Visual Illusions (87)Waking Altered States (6)Associated PsychologistAllAbraham Maslow (1)Alice Eagly (1)Amos Tversky (13)Anthony Greenwald (1)Bluma Zeigarnik (1)Claude Steele (1)Daniel Kahneman (17)Edward Thorndike (1)Edward Tolman (1)Elizabeth Loftus (4)Elton Mayo (1)Fritz Heider (2)George Miller (1)Harold Kelley (1)Henri Tajfel (1)Hermann Ebbinghaus (6)Ivan Pavlov (4)Jean Piaget (2)Jerome Bruner (1)John Bargh (1)John Bowlby (1)John Darley (1)John W. Berry (1)Konrad Lorenz (1)Lenore Jacobson (1)Leon Festinger (1)Martin Seligman (2)Max Wertheimer (1)Melanie Klein (1)Melvin Lerner (1)Peter Wason (2)Robert Rosenthal (1)Sandra Bem (1)Sigmund Freud (6)Solomon Asch (1)Stanley Milgram (1)Walter Cannon (1)William James (1)First Described EraAll1374 (1)1593 (1)1649 (1)1688 (1)1760 (1)1783 (1)1784 (1)1796 (1)1799 (1)1804 (1)1808 (1)1812 (1)1817 (1)1819 (1)1825 (1)1829 (1)1832 (2)1833 (2)1834 (1)1836 (1)1839 (1)1848 (2)1850 (1)1851 (1)1852 (1)1860 (4)1861 (1)1865 (3)1866 (1)1870 (2)1871 (1)1872 (2)1874 (2)1876 (4)1878 (1)1879 (1)1880 (3)1885 (5)1886 (3)1887 (2)1889 (2)1890 (2)1891 (3)1892 (3)1893 (1)1894 (3)1895 (8)1896 (2)1898 (3)1899 (1)1900 (4)1901 (2)1903 (2)1904 (2)1905 (1)1906 (4)1907 (2)1908 (6)1909 (3)1910 (4)1911 (2)1912 (3)1913 (7)1914 (6)1915 (3)1918 (1)1919 (1)1920 (3)1921 (1)1922 (3)1923 (7)1924 (4)1926 (1)1927 (4)1928 (4)1929 (1)1930 (1)1931 (1)1932 (1)1933 (1)1934 (2)1935 (2)1936 (4)1937 (3)1938 (1)1939 (2)1942 (6)1943 (3)1944 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And Altered Experiences (10)Attribution And Judgment Biases (31)Auditory Perception Effects (31)Autobiographical And Childhood Memory (4)Belief Perseverance Effects (4)Body And Self-Perception Effects (7)Body-Focused And Somatic Phenomena (18)Choice And Preference Effects (48)Classical Conditioning Phenomena (13)Confirmation And Belief Biases (7)Confirmation Biases (7)Critical and Sensitive Periods (2)Culture-Bound Syndromes (24)Death, Ghosts and the Supernatural (9)Defense Mechanisms (21)Delusions and Misidentification Syndromes (18)Dream Phenomena (5)Early Childhood Cognitive Concepts (7)Encoding Effects (24)Expectancy and Experimenter Effects (5)Framing And Anchoring Effects (3)Group Dynamics And Conformity Effects (35)Heuristics (16)Heuristics and Mental Shortcuts (7)Infant and Child Social Bonds (10)Interpersonal Perception Effects (11)Language Development in Children (3)Leadership And Workplace Effects (25)Learning Predispositions (3)Mass And Collective Behavior (27)Medical and Body-State Phobias (33)Memory Disorders And Conditions (9)Memory Distortion And False Memory (17)Midlife and Adult Transitions (5)Motion And Depth Perception (35)Motivated Reasoning and Self-Justification (6)Motivational And Emotional States (27)Multisensory And Cross-Modal Effects (2)Named Syndromes And Effects (17)Non-Associative Learning (2)Numbers, Objects and Modern Life Phobias (24)Occupational And Performance Phenomena (12)Operant Conditioning Phenomena (7)Other Clinical Phenomena (79)Other Decision Biases (31)Other Memory Effects (15)Other Psychophysics Effects (20)Other Social Effects (42)Overconfidence and Overestimation Biases (10)Parasomnias (5)Pattern and Streak Illusions (4)Perceptual Disorders (20)Persuasion And Social Influence Techniques (10)Practice and Skill Learning Effects (3)Probability Judgment Fallacies (13)Projection and Transference Processes (5)Psychoanalytic Complexes (10)Questionable Research Practices (2)Recency and Salience Biases (4)Relationship And Social-Emotional Phenomena (13)Repetition and Familiarity Effects (4)Retrieval Effects (43)Risk And Loss Aversion Effects (9)Selection and Sampling Biases (5)Self, Failure and Miscellaneous Phobias (18)Self-Insight and Blind Spot Biases (5)Sex, Intimacy and Body Image Phobias (10)Situational and Environmental Phobias (32)Sleep-Wake Transition States (7)Social And Attribution Biases In Judgment (18)Social and Interpersonal Phobias (21)Stereotyping And Prejudice (18)Subjective Validation Effects (2)Temporal Discounting Effects (5)Time Perception Effects (24)Visual Illusions (87)Waking Altered States (6)Diagnostic ChapterAllAnxiety or Fear-Related Disorders (156)Catatonia (1)Depressive Disorders (1)Disorders Due to Substance Use or Addictive Behaviours (16)Disorders of Bodily Distress or Bodily Experience (4)Disorders Specifically Associated with Stress (6)Dissociative Disorders (11)Factitious Disorders (4)Feeding or Eating Disorders (3)Impulse Control Disorders (1)Neurocognitive Disorders (12)Obsessive-Compulsive or Related Disorders (3)Schizophrenia or Other Primary Psychotic Disorders (25)Secondary Mental or Behavioural Syndromes Associated with Disorders or Diseases Classified Elsewhere (1)Sleep-Wake Disorders (7)Show ResultsBrowseCompareSelect all 92Trace ConditioningLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaTrait Ascription BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsTranceSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaTransferencePsychoanalytic Defense MechanismsTransience (Memory)Memory Biases and EffectsTransposed Letter EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsTraumatophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaTrial and Error LearningLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaTrichophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaTriskaidekaphobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaTritone ParadoxPerception and Psychophysics EffectsTroxler's FadingPerception and Psychophysics EffectsTrue-Believer SyndromeConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesTruman Show DelusionClinical and Motivational PhenomenaTruth BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsTrypanophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaTrypophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaTunnel Vision (Criminal Investigation)Decision-Making and Judgment BiasesTurkey IllusionDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesTyrannophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaUkuthwasaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaUltimate Attribution ErrorSocial Biases and Group EffectsUncanny ValleyPerception and Psychophysics EffectsUncle Tom SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaUnconscious TransferenceMemory Biases and EffectsUndoing (Psychology)Psychoanalytic Defense MechanismsUnethical AmnesiaMemory Biases and EffectsUnit BiasDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesUsogClinical and Motivational PhenomenaVaried PracticeLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaVeblen GoodDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesVectionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsVentriloquism EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsVenus EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsVerbal OvershadowingMemory Biases and EffectsVerbal Transformation EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsVerbatim EffectMemory Biases and EffectsVertical-Horizontal IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsVicarious ConditioningLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaVicarious ReinforcementLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaVicarious TraumaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaVideo Game AddictionClinical and Motivational PhenomenaVigilance (Psychology)Perception and Psychophysics EffectsViolation-of-Expectation ParadigmDevelopmental PhenomenaVista ParadoxPerception and Psychophysics EffectsVisual CapturePerception and Psychophysics EffectsVisual SearchPerception and Psychophysics EffectsVolunteer's DilemmaSocial Biases and Group EffectsVon Restorff EffectMemory Biases and EffectsVoodoo DeathClinical and Motivational PhenomenaWagon-Wheel EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsWannarexiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaWarm-Up DecrementLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaWason Verbal IllusionDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesWatching-Eye EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsWaterfall IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsWaxy FlexibilityClinical and Motivational PhenomenaWeak Central CoherenceDevelopmental PhenomenaWeapon FocusMemory Biases and EffectsWeapons EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsWeber-Fechner LawPerception and Psychophysics EffectsWell Travelled Road EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesWells EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesWendigo PsychosisClinical and Motivational PhenomenaWerther EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsWest Bank Fainting EpidemicSocial Biases and Group EffectsWestermarck EffectDevelopmental PhenomenaWhite BacklashSocial Biases and Group EffectsWhite Coat HypertensionClinical and Motivational PhenomenaWhite's IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsWild Man SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaWinner's CurseDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesWisdom of the CrowdDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesWishful ThinkingConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesWomen Are Wonderful EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsWoozle EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesWord Frequency EffectMemory Biases and EffectsWord Length EffectMemory Biases and EffectsWord Superiority EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsWorse-Than-Average EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsWundt IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsXenocentrismSocial Biases and Group EffectsYerkes-Dodson LawClinical and Motivational PhenomenaYipsClinical and Motivational PhenomenaZeigarnik EffectMemory Biases and EffectsZero-Risk BiasDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesZero-Sum BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsZero-Sum ThinkingDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesZoetropePerception and Psychophysics EffectsZöllner IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsZoom FatigueClinical and Motivational PhenomenaZoophobiaClinical and Motivational Phenomena← Previous1…121314Sources1. Wikipedia: Heuristics in Judgment and Decision-Makingtier 2Wikimedia FoundationHeuristics in judgment and decision-making, Tversky and Kahneman sectionQuote, Heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Tversky and Kahneman sectionThis research, called the heuristics-and-biases program, challenged the idea that human beings are rational actors and first gained worldwide attention in 1974 with the Science paper "Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases".View the SourceComments (0)No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.Sign in to join the discussion.Reader Challenges (0)No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.