Home›Psychological Phenomena›All Psychological PhenomenaBrowse ByAll Psychological PhenomenaReference and ClassificationDevelopingPsychological phenomenon entities are the specific, named cognitive and social effects this atlas documents, biases, heuristics and observed patterns of thought and behavior such as confirmation bias, the bystander effect and the sunk cost fallacy, grouped into bands led by Decision-Making and Judgment Biases and Social Biases and Group Effects, drawn from the editorial split used by Wikipedia's own List of cognitive biases article and grown considerably past its founding entries by later mint waves. A phenomenon is a specific documented effect, narrower than a theory, which is the broader explanatory account that may explain several phenomena at once, and narrower than a study, which is the particular research project that first identified or tested one. This band is where a reader browses psychology by its catalogue of named mental shortcuts and their failure modes, the single largest and fastest growing band in the atlas, with comprehensive real world coverage of the field's documented bias and heuristic literature as the ongoing target rather than any fixed list.FactsAll Psychological PhenomenaSourcesComments (0)Reader Challenges (0)FactsComparisonTaxonomy AuthorityWell-attestedTversky and Kahneman heuristics-and-biases research program 1All Psychological PhenomenaFilter Results1,392 entriesBranch of PsychologyAllAbnormal Psychology (273)Anomalistic Psychology (1)Applied Behavior Analysis (2)Behavioral Psychology (32)Biological Psychology (1)Clinical Neuropsychology (1)Clinical Psychology (9)Cognitive Neuroscience (6)Cognitive Psychology (430)Consumer Psychology (9)Criminal Psychology (1)Cross-Cultural Psychology (2)Cyberpsychology (1)Developmental Psychology (19)Educational Psychology (15)Environmental Psychology (3)Evolutionary Psychology (6)Experimental Psychology (13)Forensic Psychology (9)Health Psychology (3)Industrial-Organizational Psychology (16)Media Psychology (3)Moral Psychology (16)Neuropsychology (29)Occupational Health Psychology (1)Parapsychology (6)Pediatric Psychology (1)Personality Psychology (25)Political Psychology (1)Psycholinguistics (12)Psychology of Music (4)Psychology of Religion (2)Psychophysics (20)Quantitative Psychology (3)Social Psychology (104)Sport and Exercise Psychology (4)Phenomenon FamilyAllAddictive And Compulsive Behaviors (24)Adolescent Thinking (3)Affective Forecasting and Self-Prediction Errors (3)Anchoring Effects (2)Animal and Insect Phobias (27)Anomalous And Altered Experiences (10)Attribution And Judgment Biases (31)Auditory Perception Effects (31)Autobiographical And Childhood Memory (4)Belief Perseverance Effects (4)Body And Self-Perception Effects (7)Body-Focused And Somatic Phenomena (18)Choice And Preference Effects (48)Classical Conditioning Phenomena (13)Confirmation And Belief Biases (7)Confirmation Biases (7)Critical and Sensitive Periods (2)Culture-Bound Syndromes (24)Death, Ghosts and the Supernatural (9)Defense Mechanisms (21)Delusions and Misidentification Syndromes (18)Dream Phenomena (5)Early Childhood Cognitive Concepts (7)Encoding Effects (24)Expectancy and Experimenter Effects (5)Framing And Anchoring Effects (3)Group Dynamics And Conformity Effects (35)Heuristics (16)Heuristics and Mental Shortcuts (7)Infant and Child Social Bonds (10)Interpersonal Perception Effects (11)Language Development in Children (3)Leadership And Workplace Effects (25)Learning Predispositions (3)Mass And Collective Behavior (27)Medical and Body-State Phobias (33)Memory Disorders And Conditions (9)Memory Distortion And False Memory (17)Midlife and Adult Transitions (5)Motion And Depth Perception (35)Motivated Reasoning and Self-Justification (6)Motivational And Emotional States (27)Multisensory And Cross-Modal Effects (2)Named Syndromes And Effects (17)Non-Associative Learning (2)Numbers, Objects and Modern Life Phobias (24)Occupational And Performance Phenomena (12)Operant Conditioning Phenomena (7)Other Clinical Phenomena (79)Other Decision Biases (31)Other Memory Effects (15)Other Psychophysics Effects (20)Other Social Effects (42)Overconfidence and Overestimation Biases (10)Parasomnias (5)Pattern and Streak Illusions (4)Perceptual Disorders (20)Persuasion And Social Influence Techniques (10)Practice and Skill Learning Effects (3)Probability Judgment Fallacies (13)Projection and Transference Processes (5)Psychoanalytic Complexes (10)Questionable Research Practices (2)Recency and Salience Biases (4)Relationship And Social-Emotional Phenomena (13)Repetition and Familiarity Effects (4)Retrieval Effects (43)Risk And Loss Aversion Effects (9)Selection and Sampling Biases (5)Self, Failure and Miscellaneous Phobias (18)Self-Insight and Blind Spot Biases (5)Sex, Intimacy and Body Image Phobias (10)Situational and Environmental Phobias (32)Sleep-Wake Transition States (7)Social And Attribution Biases In Judgment (18)Social and Interpersonal Phobias (21)Specific Phobias (174)Stereotyping And Prejudice (18)Subjective Validation Effects (2)Temporal Discounting Effects (5)Time Perception Effects (24)Visual Illusions (87)Waking Altered States (6)Associated PsychologistAllAbraham Maslow (1)Alice Eagly (1)Amos Tversky (13)Anthony Greenwald (1)Bluma Zeigarnik (1)Claude Steele (1)Daniel Kahneman (17)Edward Thorndike (1)Edward Tolman (1)Elizabeth Loftus (4)Elton Mayo (1)Fritz Heider (2)George Miller (1)Harold Kelley (1)Henri Tajfel (1)Hermann Ebbinghaus (6)Ivan Pavlov (4)Jean Piaget (2)Jerome Bruner (1)John Bargh (1)John Bowlby (1)John Darley (1)John W. Berry (1)Konrad Lorenz (1)Lenore Jacobson (1)Leon Festinger (1)Martin Seligman (2)Max Wertheimer (1)Melanie Klein (1)Melvin Lerner (1)Peter Wason (2)Robert Rosenthal (1)Sandra Bem (1)Sigmund Freud (6)Solomon Asch (1)Stanley Milgram (1)Walter Cannon (1)William James (1)First Described EraAll1374 (1)1593 (1)1649 (1)1688 (1)1760 (1)1783 (1)1784 (1)1796 (1)1799 (1)1804 (1)1808 (1)1812 (1)1817 (1)1819 (1)1825 (1)1829 (1)1832 (2)1833 (2)1834 (1)1836 (1)1839 (1)1848 (2)1850 (1)1851 (1)1852 (1)1860 (4)1861 (1)1865 (3)1866 (1)1870 (2)1871 (1)1872 (2)1874 (2)1876 (4)1878 (1)1879 (1)1880 (3)1885 (5)1886 (3)1887 (2)1889 (2)1890 (2)1891 (3)1892 (3)1893 (1)1894 (3)1895 (8)1896 (2)1898 (3)1899 (1)1900 (4)1901 (2)1903 (2)1904 (2)1905 (1)1906 (4)1907 (2)1908 (6)1909 (3)1910 (4)1911 (2)1912 (3)1913 (7)1914 (6)1915 (3)1918 (1)1919 (1)1920 (3)1921 (1)1922 (3)1923 (7)1924 (4)1926 (1)1927 (4)1928 (4)1929 (1)1930 (1)1931 (1)1932 (1)1933 (1)1934 (2)1935 (2)1936 (4)1937 (3)1938 (1)1939 (2)1942 (6)1943 (3)1944 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And Altered Experiences (10)Attribution And Judgment Biases (31)Auditory Perception Effects (31)Autobiographical And Childhood Memory (4)Belief Perseverance Effects (4)Body And Self-Perception Effects (7)Body-Focused And Somatic Phenomena (18)Choice And Preference Effects (48)Classical Conditioning Phenomena (13)Confirmation And Belief Biases (7)Confirmation Biases (7)Critical and Sensitive Periods (2)Culture-Bound Syndromes (24)Death, Ghosts and the Supernatural (9)Defense Mechanisms (21)Delusions and Misidentification Syndromes (18)Dream Phenomena (5)Early Childhood Cognitive Concepts (7)Encoding Effects (24)Expectancy and Experimenter Effects (5)Framing And Anchoring Effects (3)Group Dynamics And Conformity Effects (35)Heuristics (16)Heuristics and Mental Shortcuts (7)Infant and Child Social Bonds (10)Interpersonal Perception Effects (11)Language Development in Children (3)Leadership And Workplace Effects (25)Learning Predispositions (3)Mass And Collective Behavior (27)Medical and Body-State Phobias (33)Memory Disorders And Conditions (9)Memory Distortion And False Memory (17)Midlife and Adult Transitions (5)Motion And Depth Perception (35)Motivated Reasoning and Self-Justification (6)Motivational And Emotional States (27)Multisensory And Cross-Modal Effects (2)Named Syndromes And Effects (17)Non-Associative Learning (2)Numbers, Objects and Modern Life Phobias (24)Occupational And Performance Phenomena (12)Operant Conditioning Phenomena (7)Other Clinical Phenomena (79)Other Decision Biases (31)Other Memory Effects (15)Other Psychophysics Effects (20)Other Social Effects (42)Overconfidence and Overestimation Biases (10)Parasomnias (5)Pattern and Streak Illusions (4)Perceptual Disorders (20)Persuasion And Social Influence Techniques (10)Practice and Skill Learning Effects (3)Probability Judgment Fallacies (13)Projection and Transference Processes (5)Psychoanalytic Complexes (10)Questionable Research Practices (2)Recency and Salience Biases (4)Relationship And Social-Emotional Phenomena (13)Repetition and Familiarity Effects (4)Retrieval Effects (43)Risk And Loss Aversion Effects (9)Selection and Sampling Biases (5)Self, Failure and Miscellaneous Phobias (18)Self-Insight and Blind Spot Biases (5)Sex, Intimacy and Body Image Phobias (10)Situational and Environmental Phobias (32)Sleep-Wake Transition States (7)Social And Attribution Biases In Judgment (18)Social and Interpersonal Phobias (21)Stereotyping And Prejudice (18)Subjective Validation Effects (2)Temporal Discounting Effects (5)Time Perception Effects (24)Visual Illusions (87)Waking Altered States (6)Diagnostic ChapterAllAnxiety or Fear-Related Disorders (156)Catatonia (1)Depressive Disorders (1)Disorders Due to Substance Use or Addictive Behaviours (16)Disorders of Bodily Distress or Bodily Experience (4)Disorders Specifically Associated with Stress (6)Dissociative Disorders (11)Factitious Disorders (4)Feeding or Eating Disorders (3)Impulse Control Disorders (1)Neurocognitive Disorders (12)Obsessive-Compulsive or Related Disorders (3)Schizophrenia or Other Primary Psychotic Disorders (25)Secondary Mental or Behavioural Syndromes Associated with Disorders or Diseases Classified Elsewhere (1)Sleep-Wake Disorders (7)Show ResultsBrowseCompareSelect all 100Source BiasConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesSource Monitoring ErrorMemory Biases and EffectsSpacing EffectMemory Biases and EffectsSpatial AnxietyClinical and Motivational PhenomenaSpatial DisorientationPerception and Psychophysics EffectsSpectrophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaSpeech-to-Song IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsSpheksophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaSpiral of SilenceSocial Biases and Group EffectsSplitting (Psychology)Psychoanalytic Defense MechanismsSpontaneous RecoveryClinical and Motivational PhenomenaSpotlight EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsStasiphobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaState-Dependent MemoryMemory Biases and EffectsStatus Quo BiasDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesStendhal SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaStepping Feet IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsStereopsisPerception and Psychophysics EffectsStereotypeSocial Biases and Group EffectsStereotype ThreatSocial Biases and Group EffectsStereotypingSocial Biases and Group EffectsStevens' Power LawPerception and Psychophysics EffectsStill Face EffectDevelopmental PhenomenaStimulus ControlLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaStimulus DiscriminationLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaStimulus GeneralizationLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaStockholm SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaStranger AnxietyDevelopmental PhenomenaStreisand EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsStroboscopic EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsStroop EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsSubadditivity EffectProbability and Statistical Reasoning BiasesSubitizingPerception and Psychophysics EffectsSubject-Expectancy EffectConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesSubjective ValidationConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesSublimation (Psychology)Psychoanalytic Defense MechanismsSubliminal PerceptionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsSubliminal PrimingPerception and Psychophysics EffectsSubmechanophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaSuffix EffectMemory Biases and EffectsSuggestibilityMemory Biases and EffectsSummary Knowledge of Results EffectLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaSundowningClinical and Motivational PhenomenaSunk Cost FallacyDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesSuperiority ComplexClinical and Motivational PhenomenaSuperstar EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsSuperstitious BehaviorLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaSurrogationDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesSurvivorship BiasProbability and Statistical Reasoning BiasesSustoClinical and Motivational PhenomenaSwitch CostPerception and Psychophysics EffectsSynesthesiaPerception and Psychophysics EffectsSystematic DesensitizationLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaTachypsychiaPerception and Psychophysics EffectsTaijin KyofushoClinical and Motivational PhenomenaTamagotchi EffectClinical and Motivational PhenomenaTanganyika Laughter EpidemicSocial Biases and Group EffectsTanning DependenceClinical and Motivational PhenomenaTaphophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaTarantismClinical and Motivational PhenomenaTau EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsTeam ErrorClinical and Motivational PhenomenaTechnophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaTelegraphic SpeechDevelopmental PhenomenaTelephone PhobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaTelescoping EffectMemory Biases and EffectsTelevision AddictionClinical and Motivational PhenomenaTend-and-BefriendClinical and Motivational PhenomenaTeratophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaTernus IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsTest AnxietyClinical and Motivational PhenomenaTesting EffectMemory Biases and EffectsTetraphobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaTetris EffectLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaTexas Sharpshooter FallacyProbability and Statistical Reasoning BiasesThalassophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaThanatophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaThatcher EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsThaumatropePerception and Psychophysics EffectsThe DressPerception and Psychophysics EffectsThe LeansPerception and Psychophysics EffectsThird Man FactorClinical and Motivational PhenomenaThird-Person EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsThomas TheoremDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesThought BroadcastingClinical and Motivational PhenomenaThought InsertionClinical and Motivational PhenomenaThought SuppressionPsychoanalytic Defense MechanismsThought-Action FusionClinical and Motivational PhenomenaTime-Saving BiasDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesTinkerbell EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsTip-of-the-Nose PhenomenonMemory Biases and EffectsTip-of-the-Tongue PhenomenonMemory Biases and EffectsTokophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaTomato EffectConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesTomophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaTopographical DisorientationPerception and Psychophysics EffectsTouch StarvationClinical and Motivational PhenomenaToxic LeadershipSocial Biases and Group EffectsToxic PositivityClinical and Motivational PhenomenaToxiphobiaClinical and Motivational Phenomena← Previous1…11121314Next →Sources1. Wikipedia: Heuristics in Judgment and Decision-Makingtier 2Wikimedia FoundationHeuristics in judgment and decision-making, Tversky and Kahneman sectionQuote, Heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Tversky and Kahneman sectionThis research, called the heuristics-and-biases program, challenged the idea that human beings are rational actors and first gained worldwide attention in 1974 with the Science paper "Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases".View the SourceComments (0)No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.Sign in to join the discussion.Reader Challenges (0)No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.