Branches of Psychology

Cross-Cultural Psychology

Social Processes and Social Issues

Cross-cultural psychology is the branch of psychology that studies human behavior and mental processes across different cultural contexts, searching for both universal patterns and culture-specific variation, motivated partly by concern that psychological theories developed largely in North America and Europe might not generalize elsewhere. It is distinguished from the related field of cultural psychology, which holds that psychological phenomena are shaped by culture strongly enough that they can be compared across cultures only to a limited extent.

Facts
Central Question
How do psychological processes, such as cognition, emotion, personality and social behavior, vary or stay constant across different cultures? 1
Key Debate
How much of psychology, developed and tested largely on Western, educated populations, generalizes to humanity as a whole, given that attempts to replicate well-known experiments in other cultures have had varying success. 1
Cross-Cultural Psychology
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Connections

Associated With

Geert Hofstede, Psychologists

His cultural dimensions theory is one of cross-cultural psychology's most widely used frameworks.

Harry C. Triandis, Psychologists

A founding figure of cross-cultural psychology, known for work on individualism and collectivism.

Includes

Source Alan Fiske (Wikipedia)
Source Fons van de Vijver (Wikipedia)
Additional Source Wikipedia: Geert HofstedeOpening biographical paragraph
Additional Source Wikipedia: Harry C. TriandisIntroduction
Source John W. Berry (Wikipedia)
Additional Source John W. Berry (psychologist) (Wikipedia)Lead
Source Wikipedia: Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's values orientation theory
Source Psychology Faculty (New Mexico State University)
Source Wikipedia: Xenocentrism

Related Branches

Source Asian psychology, Wikipedia
Source Wikipedia: Cultural psychology
Source Wikipedia: International psychology
Sources
1. Wikipedia: Cross-Cultural Psychology
Wikimedia FoundationOpening paragraphs
Quote, Opening paragraphs
many attempts to replicate notable experiments in other cultures had varying success.
Wikipedia: Geert Hofstede
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Geert Hofstede, Opening biographical paragraph
Quote, Includes: Geert Hofstede, Opening biographical paragraph
well known for his pioneering research on cross-cultural groups and organizations
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Wikipedia: Harry C. Triandis
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Harry C. Triandis, Introduction
Quote, Includes: Harry C. Triandis, Introduction
He was considered a pioneer of cross-cultural psychology and his research focused on the cognitive aspects of attitudes, norms, roles and values in different cultures.
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Wikipedia: Xenocentrism
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Xenocentrism, Lead sentence
Quote, Includes: Xenocentrism, Lead sentence
Xenocentrism is the preference for the cultural practices of other cultures and societies, such as how they live and what they eat, rather than of one's own social way of life.
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John W. Berry (Wikipedia)
Includes: John W. Berry, Lead
Quote, Includes: John W. Berry, Lead
The first is broadly in the domain of cross-cultural psychology; the second is in the domain of intercultural psychology.
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Wikipedia: Cultural psychology
Wikimedia FoundationRelated Branches: Cultural Psychology, Article text
Quote, Related Branches: Cultural Psychology, Article text
Cultural psychology is often confused with cross-cultural psychology.
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Wikipedia: International psychology
Wikimedia FoundationRelated Branches: International Psychology, Article text
Quote, Related Branches: International Psychology, Article text
Often, the terms international psychology, global psychology, transnational psychology, and cross-cultural psychology are used interchangeably, but their purposes are subtly and importantly different: Global means worldwide, international means across and between nations, transnational means to transcend the nation-state, cross-cultural means across cultures.
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Asian psychology, Wikipedia
Related Branches: Asian Psychology, Article text
Quote, Related Branches: Asian Psychology, Article text
Psychologists studying these issue are often aligned with cross-cultural psychology.
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Alan Fiske (Wikipedia)
Includes: Alan Fiske, Lead, research focus
Quote, Includes: Alan Fiske, Lead, research focus
known for studying the nature of human relationships and cross-cultural variations between them
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Psychology Faculty (New Mexico State University)
Includes: Walter Stephan, Psychology faculty list, W. Stephan
Quote, Includes: Walter Stephan, Psychology faculty list, W. Stephan
stereotyping and prejudice, cross-cultural psychology
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Wikipedia: Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's values orientation theory
Includes: Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Values Orientation Theory, Lead section
Quote, Includes: Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Values Orientation Theory, Lead section
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's values orientation theory (put forward in 1961) proposes that all human societies must answer a limited number of universal problems, that the value-based solutions are limited in number and universally known, but that different cultures have different preferences among them.
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John W. Berry (psychologist) (Wikipedia)
Includes: John W. Berry, Lead
Quote, Includes: John W. Berry, Lead
The first is broadly in the domain of cross-cultural psychology; the second is in the domain of intercultural psychology.
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Fons van de Vijver (Wikipedia)
Includes: Fons van de Vijver, Lead
Quote, Includes: Fons van de Vijver, Lead
Alphonsius Josephus Rachel (Fons) van de Vijver (4 October 1952-1 June 2019) was a Dutch psychologist and Professor of Cross-cultural Psychology at Tilburg University, North-West University, University of Queensland, and National Research University Higher School of Economics.
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