Atlas Trail
The Second Wave of Psychology's Schools
Structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism and psychoanalysis were only the beginning. This trail follows six later schools, and the psychologists who founded them, from Alfred Adler's 1912 break with Freud to Abraham Maslow's 1969 fourth force.
Stop 1 of 10.
Schools and Movements
Individual psychology, 1912: Alfred Adler's break from Freud, built around the striving to overcome feelings of inferiority.
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Psychologists
Alfred Adler himself, individual psychology's founder.
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Schools and Movements
Cultural-historical psychology, 1924: Lev Vygotsky's Moscow circle, tracing higher mental functions to socially mediated, culturally transmitted tools.
Stop 4 of 10.
Psychologists
Lev Vygotsky, whose work only reached the West decades after his death in 1934.
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Schools and Movements
Neobehaviorism, from about 1930: Clark Hull, Edward Tolman and B.F. Skinner formalized behaviorism with intervening variables between stimulus and response.
Stop 6 of 10.
Schools and Movements
Ego psychology, 1936: Anna Freud's study of the ego's own defenses shifted psychoanalysis away from the id.
Stop 7 of 10.
Psychologists
Anna Freud, ego psychology's founder and a pioneer of child psychoanalysis in her own right.
Stop 8 of 10.
Schools and Movements
Cognitive behavioral therapy, 1967: Aaron Beck's cognitive therapy merged with behaviorism into the field's most widely practiced psychotherapy.
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Psychologists
Aaron Beck, whose structured, testable therapy became one of psychology's most extensively researched treatments.
Stop 10 of 10.
Schools and Movements
Transpersonal psychology, 1969: Abraham Maslow's "fourth force," studying spirituality and self-transcendence.
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