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Psychoanalysis

Clinical Psychology

Psychoanalysis, established in the early 1890s by Sigmund Freud, comprises theories and techniques to discover unconscious processes and their influence on conscious thought, emotion and behavior, and a talk-therapy method for treating mental disorders built from Freud's synthesis of neurology, ethnology and his own clinical case work. It split into multiple later schools, including Jungian, Lacanian and object-relations approaches.

Facts
Central Question
How do unconscious mental processes shape conscious thought, emotion and behavior, and can talk-based technique treat the resulting psychopathology? 1
Founded Year
1890 1
Core Stance
Unconscious 2
Still Active
Active 2
Psychoanalysis
Filter Results7 entries
Connections

Rejected Here

Jung broke with Freud in 1913 over the nature of the libido, founding analytical psychology as a distinct school rather than a variant of psychoanalysis.

Source Analytical psychology

Adler broke with Freud's psychoanalytic circle in 1911, rejecting its emphasis on sex and libido for social, vocational and holistic factors.

Source Wikipedia: Individual Psychology

Critiqued Here

Maslow argued psychoanalysis addressed only human pathology, framing humanistic psychology's 'third force' as the healthy complement Freud's system left out.

Source Humanistic psychology

Held Differently

Lacanian Psychoanalysis, Schools and Movements

A structuralist reinterpretation of Freudian psychoanalysis, not a rejection of it.

Source Wikipedia: Lacanianism
Object Relations Theory, Schools and Movements
Source Wikipedia: Object Relations Theory

Associated With

Psychodynamic names the psychoanalytic tradition MBT integrates alongside cognitive-behavioral, systemic and ecological approaches.

Source Wikipedia: Mentalization-based treatment

Founded By

Source Psychoanalysis

Has Member

Source Hektoen International: Eugen Bleuler and Schizophrenia
Source Karl Abraham (Wikipedia)
Source Otto Rank (Wikipedia)
Source Wilhelm Reich (Wikipedia)

In Branch

Open Questions

Opposed By

Source Analytical psychology (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Anti-psychiatry
Source Humanistic psychology (Wikipedia)
Source Individual psychology (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Person-Centered Therapy
Source Wikipedia: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Source Wikipedia: Reality therapy

School Theories

Source Wikipedia: Drive Theory
Source Psychoanalytic theory (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Psychosexual Development
Sources
1. Psychoanalysis
Wikimedia Foundation
  • Overview section
    the contents of the unconscious largely determine cognition and behavior
  • Open Questions: Can psychoanalytic claims about the unconscious be falsified?, Critics of the abuse thesis and psychoanalysis in general section
    its central assumption of three interlinked metapsychological functions (instincts, consciousness, and memory) cannot be refuted.
2. Psychoanalysis (Wikipedia)
  • Lead
    a set of theories and techniques to discover unconscious processes and their influence on conscious thought, emotion and behavior
  • Article text
    Evidence suggests psychoanalysis, especially long-term psychoanalytic psychotherapy, can be effective for certain disorders, though its overall efficacy remains contested.
  • Article text, core stance
    Psychoanalysis comprises a set of theories and techniques to discover unconscious processes and their influence on conscious thought, emotion and behavior.
View the Source
OpenStax: Psychology 2e: 1.2 History of Psychology
OpenStax
  • Section 1.2
    Psychoanalytic theory focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious, as well as early childhood experiences
  • Section 1.2, still active
    The method of psychoanalysis, which involves the patient talking about their experiences and selves, while not invented by Freud, was certainly popularized by him and is still used today.
View the Source
Humanistic psychology
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Humanistic Psychology, History section
Quote, Associated With: Humanistic Psychology, History section
it is as if Freud supplied us the sick half of psychology and we must now fill it out with the healthy half.
Wikipedia: Object Relations Theory
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Object Relations Theory, Introduction
Quote, Associated With: Object Relations Theory, Introduction
While its groundwork derives from theories of development of the ego in Freudian psychodynamics, object relations theory does not place emphasis on the role of biological drives in the formation of personality in adulthood.
View the Source
Analytical psychology
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Analytical Psychology, The break with Freud section
Quote, Associated With: Analytical Psychology, The break with Freud section
In particular, tensions manifested between him and Freud because of various disagreements, including those concerning the nature of the libido.
Wikipedia: Individual Psychology
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Individual Psychology, Adler's psychology section
Quote, Associated With: Individual Psychology, Adler's psychology section
Adler's model departs from Freudian emphasis on sex and libido and instead focuses on how individuals evaluate and respond to their world, particularly the social, vocational, and love-related demands they encounter.
Wikipedia: Lacanianism
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Lacanian Psychoanalysis, Introduction
Quote, Associated With: Lacanian Psychoanalysis, Introduction
It is a theoretical approach that attempts to explain the mind, behaviour, and culture through a structuralist and post-structuralist extension of classical psychoanalysis.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Mentalization-based treatment
Wikimedia FoundationAssociated With: Mentalization-Based Treatment, Wikipedia, Mentalization-based treatment, lead section
Quote, Associated With: Mentalization-Based Treatment, Wikipedia, Mentalization-based treatment, lead section
Mentalization-based treatment or Mentalization-based therapy (MBT) is an integrative form of psychotherapy, bringing together aspects of psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, systemic and ecological approaches.
View the Source
Humanistic psychology (Wikipedia)
Opposed By: Humanistic Psychology, Article text
Quote, Opposed By: Humanistic Psychology, Article text
Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective that arose in the early- to mid-20th century in response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's behaviorism.
View the Source
Individual psychology (Wikipedia)
Opposed By: Individual Psychology, Article text
Quote, Opposed By: Individual Psychology, Article text
Adler initially described his work as "free psychoanalysis" but later rejected the label "psychoanalysis" for his method, preferring the term individual psychology to stress the indivisibility of the person.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Anti-psychiatry
Wikimedia FoundationOpposed By: Anti-psychiatry, Article text
Quote, Opposed By: Anti-psychiatry, Article text
In the 1960s, there were many challenges to psychoanalysis and mainstream psychiatry, in which the very basis of psychiatric practice was characterized as repressive and controlling.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Wikimedia FoundationOpposed By: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, Article text
Quote, Opposed By: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, Article text
Ellis has himself in very direct terms criticized opposing approaches such as psychoanalysis, transpersonal psychology and abreactive psychotherapies in addition to on several occasions questioning some of the doctrines in certain religious systems, spiritualism and mysticism.
View the Source
Analytical psychology (Wikipedia)
Opposed By: Analytical Psychology, Article text
Quote, Opposed By: Analytical Psychology, Article text
It was designed to distinguish it from Freud's psychoanalytic theories as their seven-year collaboration on psychoanalysis was drawing to an end between 1912 and 1913.
View the Source
Psychoanalytic theory (Wikipedia)
School Theories: Psychoanalytic Theory, Article text
Quote, School Theories: Psychoanalytic Theory, Article text
Psychoanalytic theory is the theory of the innate structure of the human soul and the dynamics of personality development relating to the practice of psychoanalysis, a method of research and for treating of mental disorders (psychopathology).
View the Source
Wikipedia: Psychosexual Development
Wikimedia FoundationSchool Theories: Psychosexual Development, Article text
Quote, School Theories: Psychosexual Development, Article text
In psychoanalysis, psychosexual development is a central element of the sexual drive theory.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Drive Theory
Wikimedia FoundationSchool Theories: Drive Theory, Article text
Quote, School Theories: Drive Theory, Article text
In psychoanalysis, drive theory (German: Triebtheorie or Trieblehre) refers to the theory of drives, motivations, or instincts, that have clear objects.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Reality therapy
Wikimedia FoundationOpposed By: Reality Therapy, Lead section
Quote, Opposed By: Reality Therapy, Lead section
It differs from conventional psychiatry, psychoanalysis and medical model schools of psychotherapy in that it focuses on what Glasser calls "psychiatry's three Rs", realism, responsibility, and right-and-wrong, rather than mental disorders.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Person-Centered Therapy
Wikimedia FoundationOpposed By: Person-Centered Therapy, Article text
Quote, Opposed By: Person-Centered Therapy, Article text
offered a viable, coherent alternative to Freudian psychotherapy
View the Source
Hektoen International: Eugen Bleuler and Schizophrenia
Hektoen InternationalHas Member: Eugen Bleuler, Psychoanalysis section
Quote, Has Member: Eugen Bleuler, Psychoanalysis section
Bleuler and his famous assistant Carl Jung were members of the newly formed Vienna Psycho-Analytical Society
View the Source
Wilhelm Reich (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Wilhelm Reich, Lead
Quote, Has Member: Wilhelm Reich, Lead
a member of the second generation of analysts after Sigmund Freud
View the Source
Otto Rank (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Otto Rank, Lead
Quote, Has Member: Otto Rank, Lead
served as secretary of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society
View the Source
Karl Abraham (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Karl Abraham, Lead, school
Quote, Has Member: Karl Abraham, Lead, school
a collaborator of Sigmund Freud, who called him his
View the Source
Open Questions (1 open question)
Can psychoanalytic claims about the unconscious be falsified?

Karl Popper argued psychoanalysis lacks scientific rigor because its central claims about instinct, consciousness and memory are constructed so that they cannot be refuted by any possible observation, a criticism aimed specifically at how the theory explains conscious acts after the fact. Psychoanalytic clinicians and researchers dispute this, and empirical studies of psychoanalytic psychotherapy's effectiveness report benefits for some disorders while the field's own overall efficacy remains contested, so whether the core theoretical claims (as opposed to the therapy's outcomes) are testable at all is unsettled.

What would resolve this A precise, pre-registered operationalization of a specific psychoanalytic mechanism (for example a defense mechanism's predicted behavioral signature) stated in a form that specifies in advance what observation would count against it, then tested.
Philosophy of science and clinical psychologyPsychoanalysis
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