Home›Psychological Phenomena›All Psychological PhenomenaBrowse ByAll Psychological PhenomenaReference and ClassificationDevelopingPsychological phenomenon entities are the specific, named cognitive and social effects this atlas documents, biases, heuristics and observed patterns of thought and behavior such as confirmation bias, the bystander effect and the sunk cost fallacy, grouped into bands led by Decision-Making and Judgment Biases and Social Biases and Group Effects, drawn from the editorial split used by Wikipedia's own List of cognitive biases article and grown considerably past its founding entries by later mint waves. A phenomenon is a specific documented effect, narrower than a theory, which is the broader explanatory account that may explain several phenomena at once, and narrower than a study, which is the particular research project that first identified or tested one. This band is where a reader browses psychology by its catalogue of named mental shortcuts and their failure modes, the single largest and fastest growing band in the atlas, with comprehensive real world coverage of the field's documented bias and heuristic literature as the ongoing target rather than any fixed list.FactsAll Psychological PhenomenaSourcesComments (0)Reader Challenges (0)FactsComparisonTaxonomy AuthorityWell-attestedTversky and Kahneman heuristics-and-biases research program 1All Psychological PhenomenaFilter Results1,392 entriesBranch of PsychologyAllAbnormal Psychology (273)Anomalistic Psychology (1)Applied Behavior Analysis (2)Behavioral Psychology (32)Biological Psychology (1)Clinical Neuropsychology (1)Clinical Psychology (9)Cognitive Neuroscience (6)Cognitive Psychology (430)Consumer Psychology (9)Criminal Psychology (1)Cross-Cultural Psychology (2)Cyberpsychology (1)Developmental Psychology (19)Educational Psychology (15)Environmental Psychology (3)Evolutionary Psychology (6)Experimental Psychology (13)Forensic Psychology (9)Health Psychology (3)Industrial-Organizational Psychology (16)Media Psychology (3)Moral Psychology (16)Neuropsychology (29)Occupational Health Psychology (1)Parapsychology (6)Pediatric Psychology (1)Personality Psychology (25)Political Psychology (1)Psycholinguistics (12)Psychology of Music (4)Psychology of Religion (2)Psychophysics (20)Quantitative Psychology (3)Social Psychology (104)Sport and Exercise Psychology (4)Phenomenon FamilyAllAddictive And Compulsive Behaviors (24)Adolescent Thinking (3)Affective Forecasting and Self-Prediction Errors (3)Anchoring Effects (2)Animal and Insect Phobias (27)Anomalous And Altered Experiences (10)Attribution And Judgment Biases (31)Auditory Perception Effects (31)Autobiographical And Childhood Memory (4)Belief Perseverance Effects (4)Body And Self-Perception Effects (7)Body-Focused And Somatic Phenomena (18)Choice And Preference Effects (48)Classical Conditioning Phenomena (13)Confirmation And Belief Biases (7)Confirmation Biases (7)Critical and Sensitive Periods (2)Culture-Bound Syndromes (24)Death, Ghosts and the Supernatural (9)Defense Mechanisms (21)Delusions and Misidentification Syndromes (18)Dream Phenomena (5)Early Childhood Cognitive Concepts (7)Encoding Effects (24)Expectancy and Experimenter Effects (5)Framing And Anchoring Effects (3)Group Dynamics And Conformity Effects (35)Heuristics (16)Heuristics and Mental Shortcuts (7)Infant and Child Social Bonds (10)Interpersonal Perception Effects (11)Language Development in Children (3)Leadership And Workplace Effects (25)Learning Predispositions (3)Mass And Collective Behavior (27)Medical and Body-State Phobias (33)Memory Disorders And Conditions (9)Memory Distortion And False Memory (17)Midlife and Adult Transitions (5)Motion And Depth Perception (35)Motivated Reasoning and Self-Justification (6)Motivational And Emotional States (27)Multisensory And Cross-Modal Effects (2)Named Syndromes And Effects (17)Non-Associative Learning (2)Numbers, Objects and Modern Life Phobias (24)Occupational And Performance Phenomena (12)Operant Conditioning Phenomena (7)Other Clinical Phenomena (79)Other Decision Biases (31)Other Memory Effects (15)Other Psychophysics Effects (20)Other Social Effects (42)Overconfidence and Overestimation Biases (10)Parasomnias (5)Pattern and Streak Illusions (4)Perceptual Disorders (20)Persuasion And Social Influence Techniques (10)Practice and Skill Learning Effects (3)Probability Judgment Fallacies (13)Projection and Transference Processes (5)Psychoanalytic Complexes (10)Questionable Research Practices (2)Recency and Salience Biases (4)Relationship And Social-Emotional Phenomena (13)Repetition and Familiarity Effects (4)Retrieval Effects (43)Risk And Loss Aversion Effects (9)Selection and Sampling Biases (5)Self, Failure and Miscellaneous Phobias (18)Self-Insight and Blind Spot Biases (5)Sex, Intimacy and Body Image Phobias (10)Situational and Environmental Phobias (32)Sleep-Wake Transition States (7)Social And Attribution Biases In Judgment (18)Social and Interpersonal Phobias (21)Specific Phobias (174)Stereotyping And Prejudice (18)Subjective Validation Effects (2)Temporal Discounting Effects (5)Time Perception Effects (24)Visual Illusions (87)Waking Altered States (6)Associated PsychologistAllAbraham Maslow (1)Alice Eagly (1)Amos Tversky (13)Anthony Greenwald (1)Bluma Zeigarnik (1)Claude Steele (1)Daniel Kahneman (17)Edward Thorndike (1)Edward Tolman (1)Elizabeth Loftus (4)Elton Mayo (1)Fritz Heider (2)George Miller (1)Harold Kelley (1)Henri Tajfel (1)Hermann Ebbinghaus (6)Ivan Pavlov (4)Jean Piaget (2)Jerome Bruner (1)John Bargh (1)John Bowlby (1)John Darley (1)John W. Berry (1)Konrad Lorenz (1)Lenore Jacobson (1)Leon Festinger (1)Martin Seligman (2)Max Wertheimer (1)Melanie Klein (1)Melvin Lerner (1)Peter Wason (2)Robert Rosenthal (1)Sandra Bem (1)Sigmund Freud (6)Solomon Asch (1)Stanley Milgram (1)Walter Cannon (1)William James (1)First Described EraAll1374 (1)1593 (1)1649 (1)1688 (1)1760 (1)1783 (1)1784 (1)1796 (1)1799 (1)1804 (1)1808 (1)1812 (1)1817 (1)1819 (1)1825 (1)1829 (1)1832 (2)1833 (2)1834 (1)1836 (1)1839 (1)1848 (2)1850 (1)1851 (1)1852 (1)1860 (4)1861 (1)1865 (3)1866 (1)1870 (2)1871 (1)1872 (2)1874 (2)1876 (4)1878 (1)1879 (1)1880 (3)1885 (5)1886 (3)1887 (2)1889 (2)1890 (2)1891 (3)1892 (3)1893 (1)1894 (3)1895 (8)1896 (2)1898 (3)1899 (1)1900 (4)1901 (2)1903 (2)1904 (2)1905 (1)1906 (4)1907 (2)1908 (6)1909 (3)1910 (4)1911 (2)1912 (3)1913 (7)1914 (6)1915 (3)1918 (1)1919 (1)1920 (3)1921 (1)1922 (3)1923 (7)1924 (4)1926 (1)1927 (4)1928 (4)1929 (1)1930 (1)1931 (1)1932 (1)1933 (1)1934 (2)1935 (2)1936 (4)1937 (3)1938 (1)1939 (2)1942 (6)1943 (3)1944 (2)1945 (2)1946 (1)1947 (2)1948 (2)1949 (6)1951 (1)1952 (4)1953 (4)1954 (9)1955 (6)1956 (5)1957 (4)1958 (7)1959 (6)1960 (8)1961 (8)1962 (3)1963 (3)1964 (7)1965 (2)1966 (11)1967 (8)1968 (8)1969 (6)1970 (8)1971 (9)1972 (12)1973 (14)1974 (11)1975 (12)1976 (6)1977 (10)1978 (11)1979 (10)1980 (7)1981 (9)1982 (9)1983 (6)1984 (4)1985 (13)1986 (8)1987 (6)1988 (9)1989 (4)1990 (7)1991 (8)1992 (8)1993 (5)1994 (9)1995 (10)1996 (7)1997 (3)1998 (10)1999 (11)2000 (10)2001 (11)2002 (5)2003 (7)2004 (4)2005 (6)2006 (3)2007 (6)2008 (5)2009 (1)2010 (4)2011 (3)2012 (1)2013 (4)2014 (1)2015 (1)2016 (1)2018 (3)2021 (1)2023 (2)2024 (1)Type of PhenomenonAllBehavioral Phenomenon (146)Cognitive Phenomenon (498)Developmental Phenomenon (55)Emotional Phenomenon (303)Perceptual Phenomenon (201)Social or Interpersonal Phenomenon (186)In GroupAllAddictive And Compulsive Behaviors (24)Adolescent Thinking (3)Affective Forecasting and Self-Prediction Errors (3)Anchoring Effects (2)Animal and Insect Phobias (27)Anomalous And Altered Experiences (10)Attribution And Judgment Biases (31)Auditory Perception Effects (31)Autobiographical And Childhood Memory (4)Belief Perseverance Effects (4)Body And Self-Perception Effects (7)Body-Focused And Somatic Phenomena (18)Choice And Preference Effects (48)Classical Conditioning Phenomena (13)Confirmation And Belief Biases (7)Confirmation Biases (7)Critical and Sensitive Periods (2)Culture-Bound Syndromes (24)Death, Ghosts and the Supernatural (9)Defense Mechanisms (21)Delusions and Misidentification Syndromes (18)Dream Phenomena (5)Early Childhood Cognitive Concepts (7)Encoding Effects (24)Expectancy and Experimenter Effects (5)Framing And Anchoring Effects (3)Group Dynamics And Conformity Effects (35)Heuristics (16)Heuristics and Mental Shortcuts (7)Infant and Child Social Bonds (10)Interpersonal Perception Effects (11)Language Development in Children (3)Leadership And Workplace Effects (25)Learning Predispositions (3)Mass And Collective Behavior (27)Medical and Body-State Phobias (33)Memory Disorders And Conditions (9)Memory Distortion And False Memory (17)Midlife and Adult Transitions (5)Motion And Depth Perception (35)Motivated Reasoning and Self-Justification (6)Motivational And Emotional States (27)Multisensory And Cross-Modal Effects (2)Named Syndromes And Effects (17)Non-Associative Learning (2)Numbers, Objects and Modern Life Phobias (24)Occupational And Performance Phenomena (12)Operant Conditioning Phenomena (7)Other Clinical Phenomena (79)Other Decision Biases (31)Other Memory Effects (15)Other Psychophysics Effects (20)Other Social Effects (42)Overconfidence and Overestimation Biases (10)Parasomnias (5)Pattern and Streak Illusions (4)Perceptual Disorders (20)Persuasion And Social Influence Techniques (10)Practice and Skill Learning Effects (3)Probability Judgment Fallacies (13)Projection and Transference Processes (5)Psychoanalytic Complexes (10)Questionable Research Practices (2)Recency and Salience Biases (4)Relationship And Social-Emotional Phenomena (13)Repetition and Familiarity Effects (4)Retrieval Effects (43)Risk And Loss Aversion Effects (9)Selection and Sampling Biases (5)Self, Failure and Miscellaneous Phobias (18)Self-Insight and Blind Spot Biases (5)Sex, Intimacy and Body Image Phobias (10)Situational and Environmental Phobias (32)Sleep-Wake Transition States (7)Social And Attribution Biases In Judgment (18)Social and Interpersonal Phobias (21)Stereotyping And Prejudice (18)Subjective Validation Effects (2)Temporal Discounting Effects (5)Time Perception Effects (24)Visual Illusions (87)Waking Altered States (6)Diagnostic ChapterAllAnxiety or Fear-Related Disorders (156)Catatonia (1)Depressive Disorders (1)Disorders Due to Substance Use or Addictive Behaviours (16)Disorders of Bodily Distress or Bodily Experience (4)Disorders Specifically Associated with Stress (6)Dissociative Disorders (11)Factitious Disorders (4)Feeding or Eating Disorders (3)Impulse Control Disorders (1)Neurocognitive Disorders (12)Obsessive-Compulsive or Related Disorders (3)Schizophrenia or Other Primary Psychotic Disorders (25)Secondary Mental or Behavioural Syndromes Associated with Disorders or Diseases Classified Elsewhere (1)Sleep-Wake Disorders (7)Show ResultsBrowseCompareSelect all 100Autokinetic EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsAutomatic WritingSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaAutomation BiasDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesAutomatismSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaAutonomous Sensory Meridian ResponsePerception and Psychophysics EffectsAutophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAutoscopyPerception and Psychophysics EffectsAutoshapingLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaAutostereogramPerception and Psychophysics EffectsAutotopagnosiaPerception and Psychophysics EffectsAvailability CascadeAnchoring and Availability BiasesAvailability HeuristicAnchoring and Availability BiasesAversion to HappinessClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAvoidance CopingClinical and Motivational PhenomenaAvoidant AttachmentDevelopmental PhenomenaAvolitionClinical and Motivational PhenomenaBaby SchemaSocial Biases and Group EffectsBaby-Face BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsBackfire EffectConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesBackmaskingPerception and Psychophysics EffectsBackward ConditioningLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaBackward MaskingPerception and Psychophysics EffectsBaker-Miller PinkPerception and Psychophysics EffectsBalint's SyndromePerception and Psychophysics EffectsBalloon PhobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaBallot Order EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesBambi EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesBandwagon EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsBandwidth Knowledge of Results EffectLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaBarberpole IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsBarnum EffectConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesBase Rate FallacyProbability and Statistical Reasoning BiasesBasophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaBatrachophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaBedtime ProcrastinationSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaBehavioral AddictionClinical and Motivational PhenomenaBehavioral ContagionSocial Biases and Group EffectsBehavioral ContrastLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaBelief BiasConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesBelief PerseveranceConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesBelonephobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaBen Franklin EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsBenham's TopPerception and Psychophysics EffectsBenjamin Franklin EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsBerkson's ParadoxProbability and Statistical Reasoning BiasesBeta MovementPerception and Psychophysics EffectsBezold EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsBias Blind SpotOverconfidence and Self-Assessment BiasesBias of JurorsDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesBibliophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaBilateral TransferLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaBinaural BeatsPerception and Psychophysics EffectsBinocular RivalryPerception and Psychophysics EffectsBiological PreparednessLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaBirthday-Number EffectOverconfidence and Self-Assessment BiasesBizarreness EffectMemory Biases and EffectsBlack Sheep EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsBlack-Hole Approach IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsBlindsightPerception and Psychophysics EffectsBlissful Ignorance EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesBlocking EffectLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaBlood PhobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaBlood-Injection-Injury Type PhobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaBloom's 2 Sigma ProblemLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaBlue-Seven PhenomenonDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesBoanthropyClinical and Motivational PhenomenaBody Integrity DysphoriaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaBody Transfer IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsBoomerang Effect (Psychology)Decision-Making and Judgment BiasesBoreoutClinical and Motivational PhenomenaBouba/Kiki EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsBouffée DeliranteClinical and Motivational PhenomenaBoundary ExtensionMemory Biases and EffectsBounded RationalityDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesBradley EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsBrain Fag SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaBroken Escalator PhenomenonPerception and Psychophysics EffectsBurnoutClinical and Motivational PhenomenaBystander ApathySocial Biases and Group EffectsBystander EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsCafe Wall IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsCancer PhobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaCapgras DelusionClinical and Motivational PhenomenaCar BrainDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesCaregiver BurdenClinical and Motivational PhenomenaCassandra ComplexSocial Biases and Group EffectsCategorical Perception of SpeechPerception and Psychophysics EffectsCatharsisClinical and Motivational PhenomenaCathedral EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsCeiling EffectProbability and Statistical Reasoning BiasesCelebrity Worship SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaCephalalgiaphobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaCertainty EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesChaining (Behavior Analysis)Learning and Conditioning PhenomenaChameleon EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsChange BlindnessPerception and Psychophysics EffectsChange DeafnessPerception and Psychophysics EffectsCharles Bonnet SyndromePerception and Psychophysics EffectsCharlie Charlie ChallengeSocial Biases and Group Effects← Previous1234…14Next →Sources1. Wikipedia: Heuristics in Judgment and Decision-Makingtier 2Wikimedia FoundationHeuristics in judgment and decision-making, Tversky and Kahneman sectionQuote, Heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Tversky and Kahneman sectionThis research, called the heuristics-and-biases program, challenged the idea that human beings are rational actors and first gained worldwide attention in 1974 with the Science paper "Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases".View the SourceComments (0)No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.Sign in to join the discussion.Reader Challenges (0)No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.