Home›Psychological Phenomena›All Psychological PhenomenaBrowse ByAll Psychological PhenomenaReference and ClassificationDevelopingPsychological phenomenon entities are the specific, named cognitive and social effects this atlas documents, biases, heuristics and observed patterns of thought and behavior such as confirmation bias, the bystander effect and the sunk cost fallacy, grouped into bands led by Decision-Making and Judgment Biases and Social Biases and Group Effects, drawn from the editorial split used by Wikipedia's own List of cognitive biases article and grown considerably past its founding entries by later mint waves. A phenomenon is a specific documented effect, narrower than a theory, which is the broader explanatory account that may explain several phenomena at once, and narrower than a study, which is the particular research project that first identified or tested one. This band is where a reader browses psychology by its catalogue of named mental shortcuts and their failure modes, the single largest and fastest growing band in the atlas, with comprehensive real world coverage of the field's documented bias and heuristic literature as the ongoing target rather than any fixed list.FactsAll Psychological PhenomenaSourcesComments (0)Reader Challenges (0)FactsComparisonTaxonomy AuthorityWell-attestedTversky and Kahneman heuristics-and-biases research program 1All Psychological PhenomenaFilter Results1,392 entriesBranch of PsychologyAllAbnormal Psychology (273)Anomalistic Psychology (1)Applied Behavior Analysis (2)Behavioral Psychology (32)Biological Psychology (1)Clinical Neuropsychology (1)Clinical Psychology (9)Cognitive Neuroscience (6)Cognitive Psychology (430)Consumer Psychology (9)Criminal Psychology (1)Cross-Cultural Psychology (2)Cyberpsychology (1)Developmental Psychology (19)Educational Psychology (15)Environmental Psychology (3)Evolutionary Psychology (6)Experimental Psychology (13)Forensic Psychology (9)Health Psychology (3)Industrial-Organizational Psychology (16)Media Psychology (3)Moral Psychology (16)Neuropsychology (29)Occupational Health Psychology (1)Parapsychology (6)Pediatric Psychology (1)Personality Psychology (25)Political Psychology (1)Psycholinguistics (12)Psychology of Music (4)Psychology of Religion (2)Psychophysics (20)Quantitative Psychology (3)Social Psychology (104)Sport and Exercise Psychology (4)Phenomenon FamilyAllAddictive And Compulsive Behaviors (24)Adolescent Thinking (3)Affective Forecasting and Self-Prediction Errors (3)Anchoring Effects (2)Animal and Insect Phobias (27)Anomalous And Altered Experiences (10)Attribution And Judgment Biases (31)Auditory Perception Effects (31)Autobiographical And Childhood Memory (4)Belief Perseverance Effects (4)Body And Self-Perception Effects (7)Body-Focused And Somatic Phenomena (18)Choice And Preference Effects (48)Classical Conditioning Phenomena (13)Confirmation And Belief Biases (7)Confirmation Biases (7)Critical and Sensitive Periods (2)Culture-Bound Syndromes (24)Death, Ghosts and the Supernatural (9)Defense Mechanisms (21)Delusions and Misidentification Syndromes (18)Dream Phenomena (5)Early Childhood Cognitive Concepts (7)Encoding Effects (24)Expectancy and Experimenter Effects (5)Framing And Anchoring Effects (3)Group Dynamics And Conformity Effects (35)Heuristics (16)Heuristics and Mental Shortcuts (7)Infant and Child Social Bonds (10)Interpersonal Perception Effects (11)Language Development in Children (3)Leadership And Workplace Effects (25)Learning Predispositions (3)Mass And Collective Behavior (27)Medical and Body-State Phobias (33)Memory Disorders And Conditions (9)Memory Distortion And False Memory (17)Midlife and Adult Transitions (5)Motion And Depth Perception (35)Motivated Reasoning and Self-Justification (6)Motivational And Emotional States (27)Multisensory And Cross-Modal Effects (2)Named Syndromes And Effects (17)Non-Associative Learning (2)Numbers, Objects and Modern Life Phobias (24)Occupational And Performance Phenomena (12)Operant Conditioning Phenomena (7)Other Clinical Phenomena (79)Other Decision Biases (31)Other Memory Effects (15)Other Psychophysics Effects (20)Other Social Effects (42)Overconfidence and Overestimation Biases (10)Parasomnias (5)Pattern and Streak Illusions (4)Perceptual Disorders (20)Persuasion And Social Influence Techniques (10)Practice and Skill Learning Effects (3)Probability Judgment Fallacies (13)Projection and Transference Processes (5)Psychoanalytic Complexes (10)Questionable Research Practices (2)Recency and Salience Biases (4)Relationship And Social-Emotional Phenomena (13)Repetition and Familiarity Effects (4)Retrieval Effects (43)Risk And Loss Aversion Effects (9)Selection and Sampling Biases (5)Self, Failure and Miscellaneous Phobias (18)Self-Insight and Blind Spot Biases (5)Sex, Intimacy and Body Image Phobias (10)Situational and Environmental Phobias (32)Sleep-Wake Transition States (7)Social And Attribution Biases In Judgment (18)Social and Interpersonal Phobias (21)Specific Phobias (174)Stereotyping And Prejudice (18)Subjective Validation Effects (2)Temporal Discounting Effects (5)Time Perception Effects (24)Visual Illusions (87)Waking Altered States (6)Associated PsychologistAllAbraham Maslow (1)Alice Eagly (1)Amos Tversky (13)Anthony Greenwald (1)Bluma Zeigarnik (1)Claude Steele (1)Daniel Kahneman (17)Edward Thorndike (1)Edward Tolman (1)Elizabeth Loftus (4)Elton Mayo (1)Fritz Heider (2)George Miller (1)Harold Kelley (1)Henri Tajfel (1)Hermann Ebbinghaus (6)Ivan Pavlov (4)Jean Piaget (2)Jerome Bruner (1)John Bargh (1)John Bowlby (1)John Darley (1)John W. Berry (1)Konrad Lorenz (1)Lenore Jacobson (1)Leon Festinger (1)Martin Seligman (2)Max Wertheimer (1)Melanie Klein (1)Melvin Lerner (1)Peter Wason (2)Robert Rosenthal (1)Sandra Bem (1)Sigmund Freud (6)Solomon Asch (1)Stanley Milgram (1)Walter Cannon (1)William James (1)First Described EraAll1374 (1)1593 (1)1649 (1)1688 (1)1760 (1)1783 (1)1784 (1)1796 (1)1799 (1)1804 (1)1808 (1)1812 (1)1817 (1)1819 (1)1825 (1)1829 (1)1832 (2)1833 (2)1834 (1)1836 (1)1839 (1)1848 (2)1850 (1)1851 (1)1852 (1)1860 (4)1861 (1)1865 (3)1866 (1)1870 (2)1871 (1)1872 (2)1874 (2)1876 (4)1878 (1)1879 (1)1880 (3)1885 (5)1886 (3)1887 (2)1889 (2)1890 (2)1891 (3)1892 (3)1893 (1)1894 (3)1895 (8)1896 (2)1898 (3)1899 (1)1900 (4)1901 (2)1903 (2)1904 (2)1905 (1)1906 (4)1907 (2)1908 (6)1909 (3)1910 (4)1911 (2)1912 (3)1913 (7)1914 (6)1915 (3)1918 (1)1919 (1)1920 (3)1921 (1)1922 (3)1923 (7)1924 (4)1926 (1)1927 (4)1928 (4)1929 (1)1930 (1)1931 (1)1932 (1)1933 (1)1934 (2)1935 (2)1936 (4)1937 (3)1938 (1)1939 (2)1942 (6)1943 (3)1944 (2)1945 (2)1946 (1)1947 (2)1948 (2)1949 (6)1951 (1)1952 (4)1953 (4)1954 (9)1955 (6)1956 (5)1957 (4)1958 (7)1959 (6)1960 (8)1961 (8)1962 (3)1963 (3)1964 (7)1965 (2)1966 (11)1967 (8)1968 (8)1969 (6)1970 (8)1971 (9)1972 (12)1973 (14)1974 (11)1975 (12)1976 (6)1977 (10)1978 (11)1979 (10)1980 (7)1981 (9)1982 (9)1983 (6)1984 (4)1985 (13)1986 (8)1987 (6)1988 (9)1989 (4)1990 (7)1991 (8)1992 (8)1993 (5)1994 (9)1995 (10)1996 (7)1997 (3)1998 (10)1999 (11)2000 (10)2001 (11)2002 (5)2003 (7)2004 (4)2005 (6)2006 (3)2007 (6)2008 (5)2009 (1)2010 (4)2011 (3)2012 (1)2013 (4)2014 (1)2015 (1)2016 (1)2018 (3)2021 (1)2023 (2)2024 (1)Type of PhenomenonAllBehavioral Phenomenon (146)Cognitive Phenomenon (498)Developmental Phenomenon (55)Emotional Phenomenon (303)Perceptual Phenomenon (201)Social or Interpersonal Phenomenon (186)In GroupAllAddictive And Compulsive Behaviors (24)Adolescent Thinking (3)Affective Forecasting and Self-Prediction Errors (3)Anchoring Effects (2)Animal and Insect Phobias (27)Anomalous And Altered Experiences (10)Attribution And Judgment Biases (31)Auditory Perception Effects (31)Autobiographical And Childhood Memory (4)Belief Perseverance Effects (4)Body And Self-Perception Effects (7)Body-Focused And Somatic Phenomena (18)Choice And Preference Effects (48)Classical Conditioning Phenomena (13)Confirmation And Belief Biases (7)Confirmation Biases (7)Critical and Sensitive Periods (2)Culture-Bound Syndromes (24)Death, Ghosts and the Supernatural (9)Defense Mechanisms (21)Delusions and Misidentification Syndromes (18)Dream Phenomena (5)Early Childhood Cognitive Concepts (7)Encoding Effects (24)Expectancy and Experimenter Effects (5)Framing And Anchoring Effects (3)Group Dynamics And Conformity Effects (35)Heuristics (16)Heuristics and Mental Shortcuts (7)Infant and Child Social Bonds (10)Interpersonal Perception Effects (11)Language Development in Children (3)Leadership And Workplace Effects (25)Learning Predispositions (3)Mass And Collective Behavior (27)Medical and Body-State Phobias (33)Memory Disorders And Conditions (9)Memory Distortion And False Memory (17)Midlife and Adult Transitions (5)Motion And Depth Perception (35)Motivated Reasoning and Self-Justification (6)Motivational And Emotional States (27)Multisensory And Cross-Modal Effects (2)Named Syndromes And Effects (17)Non-Associative Learning (2)Numbers, Objects and Modern Life Phobias (24)Occupational And Performance Phenomena (12)Operant Conditioning Phenomena (7)Other Clinical Phenomena (79)Other Decision Biases (31)Other Memory Effects (15)Other Psychophysics Effects (20)Other Social Effects (42)Overconfidence and Overestimation Biases (10)Parasomnias (5)Pattern and Streak Illusions (4)Perceptual Disorders (20)Persuasion And Social Influence Techniques (10)Practice and Skill Learning Effects (3)Probability Judgment Fallacies (13)Projection and Transference Processes (5)Psychoanalytic Complexes (10)Questionable Research Practices (2)Recency and Salience Biases (4)Relationship And Social-Emotional Phenomena (13)Repetition and Familiarity Effects (4)Retrieval Effects (43)Risk And Loss Aversion Effects (9)Selection and Sampling Biases (5)Self, Failure and Miscellaneous Phobias (18)Self-Insight and Blind Spot Biases (5)Sex, Intimacy and Body Image Phobias (10)Situational and Environmental Phobias (32)Sleep-Wake Transition States (7)Social And Attribution Biases In Judgment (18)Social and Interpersonal Phobias (21)Stereotyping And Prejudice (18)Subjective Validation Effects (2)Temporal Discounting Effects (5)Time Perception Effects (24)Visual Illusions (87)Waking Altered States (6)Diagnostic ChapterAllAnxiety or Fear-Related Disorders (156)Catatonia (1)Depressive Disorders (1)Disorders Due to Substance Use or Addictive Behaviours (16)Disorders of Bodily Distress or Bodily Experience (4)Disorders Specifically Associated with Stress (6)Dissociative Disorders (11)Factitious Disorders (4)Feeding or Eating Disorders (3)Impulse Control Disorders (1)Neurocognitive Disorders (12)Obsessive-Compulsive or Related Disorders (3)Schizophrenia or Other Primary Psychotic Disorders (25)Secondary Mental or Behavioural Syndromes Associated with Disorders or Diseases Classified Elsewhere (1)Sleep-Wake Disorders (7)Show ResultsBrowseCompareSelect all 100Checker Shadow IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsCheerleader EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsChemophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaCherophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaCherry PickingConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesChildhood AmnesiaMemory Biases and EffectsChionophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaChoice BlindnessDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesChoice OverloadDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesChoice-Supportive BiasConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesChoking (Sports)Clinical and Motivational PhenomenaChoking Under PressureClinical and Motivational PhenomenaChromophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaChromostereopsisPerception and Psychophysics EffectsChronological SnobberyDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesChronophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaChronostasisPerception and Psychophysics EffectsChronotypeSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaChubb IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsChunking (Memory)Memory Biases and EffectsChunking (Psychology)Memory Biases and EffectsCibophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaCinderella ComplexDevelopmental PhenomenaCinderella EffectDevelopmental PhenomenaCivil InattentionSocial Biases and Group EffectsClaustrophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaClever Hans EffectConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesClinical LycanthropyClinical and Motivational PhenomenaClosed-Eye HallucinationSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaClosing Time EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsClustering IllusionProbability and Statistical Reasoning BiasesClutch (Sports)Clinical and Motivational PhenomenaCocktail Party EffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsCognitive BiasDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesCognitive Bias in AnimalsDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesCognitive Bias MitigationDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesCognitive DistortionClinical and Motivational PhenomenaCognitive InertiaDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesCognitive MiserDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesCognitive ReappraisalClinical and Motivational PhenomenaCollective NarcissismSocial Biases and Group EffectsColor ConstancyPerception and Psychophysics EffectsColor Phi PhenomenonPerception and Psychophysics EffectsCommand HallucinationClinical and Motivational PhenomenaCommon Source BiasDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesCommon-Method VarianceProbability and Statistical Reasoning BiasesCommunication ApprehensionClinical and Motivational PhenomenaCompartmentalization (Psychology)Psychoanalytic Defense MechanismsCompassion FadeDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesCompassion FatigueClinical and Motivational PhenomenaCompromise EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesCompulsive Buying DisorderClinical and Motivational PhenomenaComputer AddictionClinical and Motivational PhenomenaConditioned Emotional ResponseLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaConditioned Place PreferenceLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaConditioned SatietyLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaConditioned SuppressionLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaConditioned Taste AversionLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaConfabulationMemory Biases and EffectsConfirmation BiasConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesConformitySocial Biases and Group EffectsConfusional ArousalSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaCongruence BiasConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesConjunction FallacyProbability and Statistical Reasoning BiasesConservation (Psychology)Developmental PhenomenaConservatism BiasConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesConsistency BiasMemory Biases and EffectsContact HypothesisSocial Biases and Group EffectsContext EffectMemory Biases and EffectsContext-Dependent MemoryMemory Biases and EffectsContextual Cueing EffectLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaContextual Interference EffectLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaContingent AftereffectPerception and Psychophysics EffectsContinued Influence EffectMemory Biases and EffectsContinuous Partial AttentionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsContrast EffectAnchoring and Availability BiasesConvergence MicropsiaPerception and Psychophysics EffectsCoolidge EffectClinical and Motivational PhenomenaCoprophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaCoriolis IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsCornsweet IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsCotard DelusionClinical and Motivational PhenomenaCoulrophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaCounterconditioningLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaCountertransferencePsychoanalytic Defense MechanismsCourtesy BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsCouvade SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaCrab MentalitySocial Biases and Group EffectsCrater IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsCrespi EffectLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaCritical PeriodDevelopmental PhenomenaCross-Race EffectMemory Biases and EffectsCryptomnesiaMemory Biases and EffectsCSI EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsCue-Dependent ForgettingMemory Biases and EffectsCultural BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsCulture ShockClinical and Motivational PhenomenaCulture-Bound SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaCurse of KnowledgeOverconfidence and Self-Assessment BiasesCutaneous Rabbit IllusionPerception and Psychophysics Effects← Previous12345…14Next →Sources1. Wikipedia: Heuristics in Judgment and Decision-Makingtier 2Wikimedia FoundationHeuristics in judgment and decision-making, Tversky and Kahneman sectionQuote, Heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Tversky and Kahneman sectionThis research, called the heuristics-and-biases program, challenged the idea that human beings are rational actors and first gained worldwide attention in 1974 with the Science paper "Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases".View the SourceComments (0)No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.Sign in to join the discussion.Reader Challenges (0)No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.