Home›Psychological Phenomena›All Psychological PhenomenaBrowse ByAll Psychological PhenomenaReference and ClassificationDevelopingPsychological phenomenon entities are the specific, named cognitive and social effects this atlas documents, biases, heuristics and observed patterns of thought and behavior such as confirmation bias, the bystander effect and the sunk cost fallacy, grouped into bands led by Decision-Making and Judgment Biases and Social Biases and Group Effects, drawn from the editorial split used by Wikipedia's own List of cognitive biases article and grown considerably past its founding entries by later mint waves. A phenomenon is a specific documented effect, narrower than a theory, which is the broader explanatory account that may explain several phenomena at once, and narrower than a study, which is the particular research project that first identified or tested one. This band is where a reader browses psychology by its catalogue of named mental shortcuts and their failure modes, the single largest and fastest growing band in the atlas, with comprehensive real world coverage of the field's documented bias and heuristic literature as the ongoing target rather than any fixed list.FactsAll Psychological PhenomenaSourcesComments (0)Reader Challenges (0)FactsComparisonTaxonomy AuthorityWell-attestedTversky and Kahneman heuristics-and-biases research program 1All Psychological PhenomenaFilter Results1,392 entriesBranch of PsychologyAllAbnormal Psychology (273)Anomalistic Psychology (1)Applied Behavior Analysis (2)Behavioral Psychology (32)Biological Psychology (1)Clinical Neuropsychology (1)Clinical Psychology (9)Cognitive Neuroscience (6)Cognitive Psychology (430)Consumer Psychology (9)Criminal Psychology (1)Cross-Cultural Psychology (2)Cyberpsychology (1)Developmental Psychology (19)Educational Psychology (15)Environmental Psychology (3)Evolutionary Psychology (6)Experimental Psychology (13)Forensic Psychology (9)Health Psychology (3)Industrial-Organizational Psychology (16)Media Psychology (3)Moral Psychology (16)Neuropsychology (29)Occupational Health Psychology (1)Parapsychology (6)Pediatric Psychology (1)Personality Psychology (25)Political Psychology (1)Psycholinguistics (12)Psychology of Music (4)Psychology of Religion (2)Psychophysics (20)Quantitative Psychology (3)Social Psychology (104)Sport and Exercise Psychology (4)Phenomenon FamilyAllAddictive And Compulsive Behaviors (24)Adolescent Thinking (3)Affective Forecasting and Self-Prediction Errors (3)Anchoring Effects (2)Animal and Insect Phobias (27)Anomalous And Altered Experiences (10)Attribution And Judgment Biases (31)Auditory Perception Effects (31)Autobiographical And Childhood Memory (4)Belief Perseverance Effects (4)Body And Self-Perception Effects (7)Body-Focused And Somatic Phenomena (18)Choice And Preference Effects (48)Classical Conditioning Phenomena (13)Confirmation And Belief Biases (7)Confirmation Biases (7)Critical and Sensitive Periods (2)Culture-Bound Syndromes (24)Death, Ghosts and the Supernatural (9)Defense Mechanisms (21)Delusions and Misidentification Syndromes (18)Dream Phenomena (5)Early Childhood Cognitive Concepts (7)Encoding Effects (24)Expectancy and Experimenter Effects (5)Framing And Anchoring Effects (3)Group Dynamics And Conformity Effects (35)Heuristics (16)Heuristics and Mental Shortcuts (7)Infant and Child Social Bonds (10)Interpersonal Perception Effects (11)Language Development in Children (3)Leadership And Workplace Effects (25)Learning Predispositions (3)Mass And Collective Behavior (27)Medical and Body-State Phobias (33)Memory Disorders And Conditions (9)Memory Distortion And False Memory (17)Midlife and Adult Transitions (5)Motion And Depth Perception (35)Motivated Reasoning and Self-Justification (6)Motivational And Emotional States (27)Multisensory And Cross-Modal Effects (2)Named Syndromes And Effects (17)Non-Associative Learning (2)Numbers, Objects and Modern Life Phobias (24)Occupational And Performance Phenomena (12)Operant Conditioning Phenomena (7)Other Clinical Phenomena (79)Other Decision Biases (31)Other Memory Effects (15)Other Psychophysics Effects (20)Other Social Effects (42)Overconfidence and Overestimation Biases (10)Parasomnias (5)Pattern and Streak Illusions (4)Perceptual Disorders (20)Persuasion And Social Influence Techniques (10)Practice and Skill Learning Effects (3)Probability Judgment Fallacies (13)Projection and Transference Processes (5)Psychoanalytic Complexes (10)Questionable Research Practices (2)Recency and Salience Biases (4)Relationship And Social-Emotional Phenomena (13)Repetition and Familiarity Effects (4)Retrieval Effects (43)Risk And Loss Aversion Effects (9)Selection and Sampling Biases (5)Self, Failure and Miscellaneous Phobias (18)Self-Insight and Blind Spot Biases (5)Sex, Intimacy and Body Image Phobias (10)Situational and Environmental Phobias (32)Sleep-Wake Transition States (7)Social And Attribution Biases In Judgment (18)Social and Interpersonal Phobias (21)Specific Phobias (174)Stereotyping And Prejudice (18)Subjective Validation Effects (2)Temporal Discounting Effects (5)Time Perception Effects (24)Visual Illusions (87)Waking Altered States (6)Associated PsychologistAllAbraham Maslow (1)Alice Eagly (1)Amos Tversky (13)Anthony Greenwald (1)Bluma Zeigarnik (1)Claude Steele (1)Daniel Kahneman (17)Edward Thorndike (1)Edward Tolman (1)Elizabeth Loftus (4)Elton Mayo (1)Fritz Heider (2)George Miller (1)Harold Kelley (1)Henri Tajfel (1)Hermann Ebbinghaus (6)Ivan Pavlov (4)Jean Piaget (2)Jerome Bruner (1)John Bargh (1)John Bowlby (1)John Darley (1)John W. Berry (1)Konrad Lorenz (1)Lenore Jacobson (1)Leon Festinger (1)Martin Seligman (2)Max Wertheimer (1)Melanie Klein (1)Melvin Lerner (1)Peter Wason (2)Robert Rosenthal (1)Sandra Bem (1)Sigmund Freud (6)Solomon Asch (1)Stanley Milgram (1)Walter Cannon (1)William James (1)First Described EraAll1374 (1)1593 (1)1649 (1)1688 (1)1760 (1)1783 (1)1784 (1)1796 (1)1799 (1)1804 (1)1808 (1)1812 (1)1817 (1)1819 (1)1825 (1)1829 (1)1832 (2)1833 (2)1834 (1)1836 (1)1839 (1)1848 (2)1850 (1)1851 (1)1852 (1)1860 (4)1861 (1)1865 (3)1866 (1)1870 (2)1871 (1)1872 (2)1874 (2)1876 (4)1878 (1)1879 (1)1880 (3)1885 (5)1886 (3)1887 (2)1889 (2)1890 (2)1891 (3)1892 (3)1893 (1)1894 (3)1895 (8)1896 (2)1898 (3)1899 (1)1900 (4)1901 (2)1903 (2)1904 (2)1905 (1)1906 (4)1907 (2)1908 (6)1909 (3)1910 (4)1911 (2)1912 (3)1913 (7)1914 (6)1915 (3)1918 (1)1919 (1)1920 (3)1921 (1)1922 (3)1923 (7)1924 (4)1926 (1)1927 (4)1928 (4)1929 (1)1930 (1)1931 (1)1932 (1)1933 (1)1934 (2)1935 (2)1936 (4)1937 (3)1938 (1)1939 (2)1942 (6)1943 (3)1944 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And Altered Experiences (10)Attribution And Judgment Biases (31)Auditory Perception Effects (31)Autobiographical And Childhood Memory (4)Belief Perseverance Effects (4)Body And Self-Perception Effects (7)Body-Focused And Somatic Phenomena (18)Choice And Preference Effects (48)Classical Conditioning Phenomena (13)Confirmation And Belief Biases (7)Confirmation Biases (7)Critical and Sensitive Periods (2)Culture-Bound Syndromes (24)Death, Ghosts and the Supernatural (9)Defense Mechanisms (21)Delusions and Misidentification Syndromes (18)Dream Phenomena (5)Early Childhood Cognitive Concepts (7)Encoding Effects (24)Expectancy and Experimenter Effects (5)Framing And Anchoring Effects (3)Group Dynamics And Conformity Effects (35)Heuristics (16)Heuristics and Mental Shortcuts (7)Infant and Child Social Bonds (10)Interpersonal Perception Effects (11)Language Development in Children (3)Leadership And Workplace Effects (25)Learning Predispositions (3)Mass And Collective Behavior (27)Medical and Body-State Phobias (33)Memory Disorders And Conditions (9)Memory Distortion And False Memory (17)Midlife and Adult Transitions (5)Motion And Depth Perception (35)Motivated Reasoning and Self-Justification (6)Motivational And Emotional States (27)Multisensory And Cross-Modal Effects (2)Named Syndromes And Effects (17)Non-Associative Learning (2)Numbers, Objects and Modern Life Phobias (24)Occupational And Performance Phenomena (12)Operant Conditioning Phenomena (7)Other Clinical Phenomena (79)Other Decision Biases (31)Other Memory Effects (15)Other Psychophysics Effects (20)Other Social Effects (42)Overconfidence and Overestimation Biases (10)Parasomnias (5)Pattern and Streak Illusions (4)Perceptual Disorders (20)Persuasion And Social Influence Techniques (10)Practice and Skill Learning Effects (3)Probability Judgment Fallacies (13)Projection and Transference Processes (5)Psychoanalytic Complexes (10)Questionable Research Practices (2)Recency and Salience Biases (4)Relationship And Social-Emotional Phenomena (13)Repetition and Familiarity Effects (4)Retrieval Effects (43)Risk And Loss Aversion Effects (9)Selection and Sampling Biases (5)Self, Failure and Miscellaneous Phobias (18)Self-Insight and Blind Spot Biases (5)Sex, Intimacy and Body Image Phobias (10)Situational and Environmental Phobias (32)Sleep-Wake Transition States (7)Social And Attribution Biases In Judgment (18)Social and Interpersonal Phobias (21)Stereotyping And Prejudice (18)Subjective Validation Effects (2)Temporal Discounting Effects (5)Time Perception Effects (24)Visual Illusions (87)Waking Altered States (6)Diagnostic ChapterAllAnxiety or Fear-Related Disorders (156)Catatonia (1)Depressive Disorders (1)Disorders Due to Substance Use or Addictive Behaviours (16)Disorders of Bodily Distress or Bodily Experience (4)Disorders Specifically Associated with Stress (6)Dissociative Disorders (11)Factitious Disorders (4)Feeding or Eating Disorders (3)Impulse Control Disorders (1)Neurocognitive Disorders (12)Obsessive-Compulsive or Related Disorders (3)Schizophrenia or Other Primary Psychotic Disorders (25)Secondary Mental or Behavioural Syndromes Associated with Disorders or Diseases Classified Elsewhere (1)Sleep-Wake Disorders (7)Show ResultsBrowseCompareSelect all 100CyberchondriaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaCyberphobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaCynophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaDancing ManiaSocial Biases and Group EffectsDancing Plague of 1518Social Biases and Group EffectsDark AdaptationPerception and Psychophysics EffectsDaughter From California SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaDaydreamingSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaDe Clérambault's SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaDebiasingDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesDecision FatigueDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesDeclinismDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesDecoy EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesDeese-Roediger-McDermott ParadigmMemory Biases and EffectsDefault EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesDefensive Attribution HypothesisSocial Biases and Group EffectsDefensive PessimismClinical and Motivational PhenomenaDeformation ProfessionnelleDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesDehumanizationSocial Biases and Group EffectsDeindividuationSocial Biases and Group EffectsDeja VuMemory Biases and EffectsDelay of GratificationDevelopmental PhenomenaDelboeuf IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsDelusional ProjectionPsychoanalytic Defense MechanismsDemand CharacteristicsConfirmation and Motivated-Reasoning BiasesDendrophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaDenial (Psychology)Psychoanalytic Defense MechanismsDenomination EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesDenominator NeglectProbability and Statistical Reasoning BiasesDental FearClinical and Motivational PhenomenaDental PhobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaDepersonalizationClinical and Motivational PhenomenaDepressive RealismClinical and Motivational PhenomenaDerealizationClinical and Motivational PhenomenaDermatitis ArtefactaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaDesirable DifficultyLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaDeutsch's Scale IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsDeviancy Amplification SpiralSocial Biases and Group EffectsDhat SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaDiagnostic OvershadowingClinical and Motivational PhenomenaDichotomous ThinkingProbability and Statistical Reasoning BiasesDiderot EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesDifficult TemperamentDevelopmental PhenomenaDigital ZombieClinical and Motivational PhenomenaDiogenes SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaDirected ForgettingMemory Biases and EffectsDiscontinuity EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsDiscrimination LearningLearning and Conditioning PhenomenaDisinhibited Social Engagement DisorderClinical and Motivational PhenomenaDisinhibition (Learning)Learning and Conditioning PhenomenaDisorganized AttachmentDevelopmental PhenomenaDisplacement (Psychology)Psychoanalytic Defense MechanismsDisposition EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesDissociation (Psychology)Clinical and Motivational PhenomenaDistinction BiasDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesDistortion (Psychology)Psychoanalytic Defense MechanismsDivided AttentionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsDomatophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaDoomscrollingClinical and Motivational PhenomenaDoor-in-the-Face TechniqueSocial Biases and Group EffectsDoorway EffectMemory Biases and EffectsDouble Standard of AgingSocial Biases and Group EffectsDowning EffectOverconfidence and Self-Assessment BiasesDr. Fox EffectSocial Biases and Group EffectsDrawbridge MentalitySocial Biases and Group EffectsDreamSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaDriving PhobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaDuchenne SmileClinical and Motivational PhenomenaDunbar's NumberSocial Biases and Group EffectsDunning-Kruger EffectOverconfidence and Self-Assessment BiasesDuration NeglectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesDysrationaliaDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesDystichiphobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaEarwormSleep and Consciousness PhenomenaEasy TemperamentDevelopmental PhenomenaEbbinghaus IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsEcho Chamber (Media)Social Biases and Group EffectsEcholaliaDevelopmental PhenomenaEcophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaEffort JustificationDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesEgo DepletionClinical and Motivational PhenomenaEgocentric BiasSocial Biases and Group EffectsEgocentrismDevelopmental PhenomenaEhrenstein IllusionPerception and Psychophysics EffectsEidetic MemoryMemory Biases and EffectsEinstellung EffectDecision-Making and Judgment BiasesEkbom SyndromeClinical and Motivational PhenomenaElectra ComplexClinical and Motivational PhenomenaElectronic Voice PhenomenonPerception and Psychophysics EffectsEmerging AdulthoodDevelopmental PhenomenaEmetophobiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaEmotional BluntingClinical and Motivational PhenomenaEmotional ContagionSocial Biases and Group EffectsEmotional DysregulationClinical and Motivational PhenomenaEmotional InertiaClinical and Motivational PhenomenaEmotional LaborClinical and Motivational PhenomenaEmotional ReasoningClinical and Motivational PhenomenaEmpathy GapClinical and Motivational PhenomenaEmployee SilenceSocial Biases and Group EffectsEmpty Nest SyndromeDevelopmental Phenomena← Previous123456…14Next →Sources1. Wikipedia: Heuristics in Judgment and Decision-Makingtier 2Wikimedia FoundationHeuristics in judgment and decision-making, Tversky and Kahneman sectionQuote, Heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Tversky and Kahneman sectionThis research, called the heuristics-and-biases program, challenged the idea that human beings are rational actors and first gained worldwide attention in 1974 with the Science paper "Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases".View the SourceComments (0)No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.Sign in to join the discussion.Reader Challenges (0)No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.