Educational psychology is the branch of psychology that studies human learning processes from cognitive and behavioral perspectives, examining individual differences in intelligence, cognitive development, motivation and self-concept in order to understand and improve teaching and learning in classrooms and other settings.
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Key DebateWhether rewards and praise in the classroom undermine students' intrinsic motivation to learn, as proponents of self-determination theory argue, or whether structured rewards tied to a rising performance standard can enhance motivation instead. 1 Self-determination theorists hold that extrinsic rewards crowd out intrinsic motivation, while other research finds rewards tied to a gradually rising performance standard can increase it instead; the two positions are not reconciled. Central QuestionHow do people learn, and how can teaching, curricula and educational settings be designed to support that learning most effectively? 1 Educational Psychology
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Vygotsky's theory of cultural-historical development, especially his account of social interaction and mediated cognition, became influential in modern educational approaches once his work reached a wider audience outside the Soviet Union.
Source Wikipedia: Lev Vygotsky
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Source Bernard Weiner (Wikipedia)
Source Bloom's 2 Sigma Problem (Wikipedia)
Source Charles Spearman (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Cognitive Load
Source Wikipedia: Communication apprehension
Source Wikipedia: Constructivism (learning theory)
Source Correspondent inference theory, Wikipedia
Source Wikipedia: Distinction bias
Source Dr. Fox effect, Wikipedia
Source Dysrationalia, Wikipedia
Source Edward Thorndike (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Flow (psychology)
Source Wikipedia: Foreign language anxiety
Source Wikipedia: Generation Effect
Source Wikipedia: Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Source Wikipedia: Inez Beverly Prosser
Source Wikipedia: Jerome Bruner
Source Wikipedia: John Sweller
Source Wikipedia: Lawrence Kohlberg
Source Lee Cronbach (Wikipedia)
Source Wikipedia: Leta Stetter Hollingworth
Source Moral disengagement (Wikipedia)
Source Mozart effect, Wikipedia
Source Overjustification effect, Wikipedia
Source Wikipedia: Picture superiority effect
Source Wikipedia: Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Source Wikipedia: Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Source Wikipedia: Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Source Wikipedia: Zeigarnik effect
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1. Wikipedia: Educational Psychology
Wikimedia FoundationLead section
The study of learning processes from both cognitive and behavioral perspectives allows researchers to understand individual differences in intelligence and cognitive development.
Behavioral Perspectives section
Despite the demonstrated efficacy of awards in changing behavior, their use in education has been criticized by proponents of self-determination theory, who claim that praise and other rewards undermine intrinsic motivation.
Wikipedia: Constructivism (learning theory)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Constructivism, Overview section, mechanisms of learningQuote, Includes: Constructivism, Overview section, mechanisms of learning
Piaget described the mechanisms by which information from the environment and ideas from the individual interact to form internalized structures developed by learners.
View the Source Wikipedia: Jerome Bruner
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made significant contributions to human cognitive psychology and cognitive learning theory in educational psychology
View the Source Wikipedia: Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Howard Gardner, Overview section, what the theory proposes
human intelligence is not a single general ability but comprises various distinct modalities, such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, and spatial intelligences.
Includes: Theory of Multiple Intelligences, Overview section, what the theory proposes
human intelligence is not a single general ability but comprises various distinct modalities, such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, and spatial intelligences.
View the Source Wikipedia: Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Robert Sternberg, Three components section
Sternberg's theory comprises three parts: componential, experiential and practical.
Includes: Triarchic Theory of Intelligence, Three components section
Sternberg's theory comprises three parts: componential, experiential and practical.
View the Source Wikipedia: John Sweller
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best known for formulating an influential theory of cognitive load
View the Source Wikipedia: Cognitive Load
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Cognitive Load Theory, Types of cognitive load section, germane loadQuote, Includes: Cognitive Load Theory, Types of cognitive load section, germane load
Germane load refers to the working memory resources that the learner dedicates to managing the intrinsic cognitive load associated with the essential information for learning.
View the Source Wikipedia: Lev Vygotsky
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his ideas have become influential in some modern educational approaches.
Wikipedia: Lawrence Kohlberg
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Lawrence Kohlberg (; October 25, 1927 - January 17, 1987) was an American psychologist best known for his theory of stages of moral development.
View the Source Edward Thorndike (Wikipedia)
Includes: Edward Thorndike, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Edward Thorndike, Lead section
Edward Lee Thorndike ((1874-08-31)August 31, 1874 - (1949-08-09)August 9, 1949) was an American psychologist who spent nearly his entire career at Teachers College, Columbia University.
View the Source Bernard Weiner (Wikipedia)
Includes: Bernard Weiner, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Bernard Weiner, Lead section
Bernard Weiner (born 1935) is an American social psychologist known for developing a form of attribution theory which seeks to explain the emotional and motivational entailments of academic success and failure.
View the Source Wikipedia: Zeigarnik effect
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In psychology, the Zeigarnik effect (named after Lithuanian-Soviet psychologist Bluma Zeigarnik) postulates that people remember unfinished or interrupted tasks better than completed tasks.
View the Source Wikipedia: Generation Effect
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The generation effect is a psychological phenomenon whereby information is better remembered if it is generated from one's own mind rather than simply read.
View the Source Wikipedia: Distinction bias
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Distinction bias, a concept of decision theory, is the tendency to view two options as more distinctive when evaluating them simultaneously than when evaluating them separately.
View the Source Wikipedia: Picture superiority effect
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The picture superiority effect refers to the phenomenon in which pictures and images are more likely to be remembered than words.
View the Source Overjustification effect, Wikipedia
Includes: Overjustification Effect, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Overjustification Effect, Lead section
The overjustification effect is a phenomenon in psychology in which providing expected external incentive, such as money or prizes, for an already intrinsically rewarding activity can reduce a person's intrinsic motivation to perform that activity.
View the Source Correspondent inference theory, Wikipedia
Includes: Correspondent Inference Theory, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Correspondent Inference Theory, Lead section
Correspondent inference theory is a psychological theory proposed by Edward E. Jones and Keith E. Davis (1965) that "systematically accounts for a perceiver's inferences about what an actor was trying to achieve by a particular action".
View the Source Mozart effect, Wikipedia
Includes: Mozart Effect, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Mozart Effect, Lead section
The Mozart effect is the hypothesis that listening to the music of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart may temporarily boost scores on one portion of an IQ test.
View the Source Dr. Fox effect, Wikipedia
Includes: Dr. Fox Effect, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Dr. Fox Effect, Lead section
The Dr. Fox effect is a correlation observed between teacher attire, expressiveness, content coverage, student evaluation, and student achievement.
View the Source Bloom's 2 Sigma Problem (Wikipedia)
Includes: Bloom's 2 Sigma Problem, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Bloom's 2 Sigma Problem, Lead section
Bloom's 2 sigma problem refers to the educational phenomenon that the average student tutored one-to-one using mastery learning techniques performed two standard deviations better than students educated in a classroom environment.
View the Source Wikipedia: Foreign language anxiety
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Foreign Language Anxiety, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Foreign Language Anxiety, Lead section
Foreign language anxiety, also known as xenoglossophobia, is the feeling of unease, worry, nervousness and apprehension experienced in learning or using a second or foreign language.
View the Source Wikipedia: Communication apprehension
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Communication Apprehension, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Communication Apprehension, Lead section
Communication apprehension is a degree or measure of the anxiety triggered by the real or anticipated communication act, as defined by James C. McCroskey.
View the Source Wikipedia: Flow (psychology)
Wikimedia FoundationIncludes: Flow State, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Flow State, Lead section
Flow in positive psychology, also known colloquially as being in the zone or focused, is the mental state in which a person performing some activity is fully immersed in a feeling of energized focus, full involvement, and enjoyment in the process of the activity.
View the Source Charles Spearman (Wikipedia)
Includes: Charles Spearman, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Charles Spearman, Lead section
Charles Edward Spearman, FRS (10 September 1863 - 17 September 1945) was an English psychologist known for work in statistics, as a pioneer of factor analysis, and for Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.
View the Source Lee Cronbach (Wikipedia)
Includes: Lee Cronbach, Lead sectionQuote, Includes: Lee Cronbach, Lead section
Lee Joseph Cronbach (April 22, 1916 - October 1, 2001) was an American educational psychologist who made contributions to psychological testing and measurement.
View the Source Moral disengagement (Wikipedia)
Includes: Moral Disengagement, LeadQuote, Includes: Moral Disengagement, Lead
Moral disengagement is a term from developmental psychology, educational psychology and social psychology for the process of convincing the self that ethical standards do not apply to oneself in a particular context.
View the Source Wikipedia: Leta Stetter Hollingworth
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She made contributions in psychology of women, clinical psychology, and educational psychology.
View the Source Wikipedia: Inez Beverly Prosser
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She went on to receive a master's degree in Educational Psychology from the University of Colorado.
View the Source Dysrationalia, Wikipedia
Includes: Dysrationalia, LeadQuote, Includes: Dysrationalia, Lead
It is a concept in educational psychology and is not a clinical disorder such as a thought disorder.
View the Source Dissenting Readings (1 dissenting reading)
Key Debate
Self-determination theory, the framework Deci and Ryan built around intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation, holds that praise, stars and other rewards a classroom uses to shape behavior can undermine the student's own intrinsic motivation to learn, replacing an internally held reason to engage with an externally supplied one. Educational psychology's own applied behavior analysis tradition disputes that this effect is general: rewards tied to a rising performance standard have also been shown to enhance intrinsic motivation rather than erode it, so the two traditions read the same classroom tool in opposite directions depending on how the reward is structured.
A dissenting reading, from Edward L. Deci and Richard RyanWikipedia: Educational Psychology, Wikimedia Foundation
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