Home›Memory Biases and Effects›Retrieval EffectsGroupRetrieval EffectsA memory phenomenon centered on the stage at which previously encoded information is brought back to conscious awareness, covering successful recall and recognition as well as documented failures and near-failures of retrieval, such as a word or memory that feels just out of reach. This group gathers the retrieval-stage memory phenomena recorded for this atlas, drawn from the standard cognitive psychology distinction between encoding, storage and retrieval, including cue-dependent recall, forgetting, recognition and closely related anomalous retrieval experiences.FactsBrowse BySourcesComments (0)Reader Challenges (0)FactsComparisonOriginating WorkWell-attestedDonald Thomson and Endel Tulving, encoding specificity principle (1970s) 1Browse ByAll Retrieval EffectsRetrieval Effects43 entriesRetrieval EffectsFilter Results43 entriesBranch of PsychologyAllCognitive Psychology (7)Neuropsychology (1)Associated PsychologistAllBluma Zeigarnik (1)Hermann Ebbinghaus (2)First Described EraAll1874 (1)1876 (1)1885 (1)1890 (1)1892 (1)1894 (1)1913 (1)1927 (1)1933 (1)1949 (1)1968 (1)1973 (1)1974 (2)1976 (1)1978 (1)1997 (1)Type of PhenomenonAllCognitive Phenomenon (20)Social or Interpersonal Phenomenon (1)In GroupAllRetrieval Effects (43)BrowseCompareSelect all 43Bizarreness EffectMemory Biases and EffectsBoundary ExtensionMemory Biases and Effects1 linkConsistency BiasMemory Biases and EffectsCryptomnesiaMemory Biases and Effects1 linkCue-Dependent ForgettingMemory Biases and EffectsDeja VuMemory Biases and Effects1 linkDirected ForgettingMemory Biases and EffectsEidetic MemoryMemory Biases and EffectsEuphoric RecallMemory Biases and EffectsFan EffectMemory Biases and EffectsForgetting CurveMemory Biases and EffectsGeneration EffectMemory Biases and EffectsHumor EffectMemory Biases and EffectsInterference TheoryMemory Biases and EffectsIrrelevant Speech EffectMemory Biases and EffectsJamais VuMemory Biases and Effects1 linkList-Length EffectMemory Biases and EffectsMemory InhibitionMemory Biases and EffectsMethod of LociMemory Biases and EffectsMisattribution of MemoryMemory Biases and Effects1 linkMood-Congruent Memory BiasMemory Biases and EffectsNeighborhood Density EffectMemory Biases and EffectsNext-in-Line EffectMemory Biases and EffectsOwn-Age BiasMemory Biases and EffectsPart-List Cueing EffectMemory Biases and EffectsPersistence (Memory)Memory Biases and EffectsPhonological Similarity EffectMemory Biases and EffectsPicture Superiority EffectMemory Biases and EffectsPositivity EffectMemory Biases and EffectsPresque VuMemory Biases and EffectsProust EffectMemory Biases and EffectsRanschburg EffectMemory Biases and EffectsRecency EffectMemory Biases and Effects2 linksRetrieval-Induced ForgettingMemory Biases and EffectsRosy RetrospectionMemory Biases and EffectsSerial Position EffectMemory Biases and Effects2 linksSleeper EffectMemory Biases and EffectsSuffix EffectMemory Biases and EffectsTip-of-the-Nose PhenomenonMemory Biases and EffectsTip-of-the-Tongue PhenomenonMemory Biases and EffectsVon Restorff EffectMemory Biases and Effects1 linkWord Length EffectMemory Biases and EffectsZeigarnik EffectMemory Biases and Effects1 linkSources1. Encoding specificity principle, WikipediaEncoding specificity principle, lead sectionQuote, Encoding specificity principle, lead sectionIt was introduced by Thomson and Tulving who suggested that contextual information is encoded with memories which affect the retrieval process.View the SourceComments (0)No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.Sign in to join the discussion.Reader Challenges (0)No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.Sign in to dispute this or suggest a correction.